Helicopter Emergency Medical Service

Helicopter Emergency Medical Service Air medical transport has only been used for the past 70 years. The first true air ambulance flight was during the Great War. A Serbian officer was transported from the battlefield to the hospital by plane. Air ambulance was being tested by different military organizations during the First World War. Schaefer Air services was the first United States air ambulance service, created in 1947. The Korean War was the big turning point for EMS helicopters. In 1950, the military was given authorization to use helicopters for medical purposes.These helicopters were used to evacuate injured patients from the battlefield during combat. The small helicopters were equipped with basket stretchers that were attached to the landing gear. The patients were transported outside of the aircraft, which did not allow for medical during transport. From January 1951 to January 1953 more than 17,000 patients were removed from the battlefield and transported to the hospita l by helicopter. The use of medical helicopter transport significantly decreased the causality/death rate among the people in combat.World War II death/causality rate was 4. 5 deaths per 100 casualties, whereas, the Korean War death/casualty rate was 2. 5 deaths per 100 casualties. The Vietnam War introduced to idea of patients receiving medical care during air transport. The Bell UH-1 also known as the Huey was the frost helicopter that was large enough to carry the patient and medical staff inside the aircraft. The state of Maryland started the nation’s first combined emergency service helicopter program, in 1969. This program was put into place by the Maryland State Police and the University of Maryland.The program joined together the state police, rescue and HEMS (helicopter emergency medical service). In 1972, St. Anthony Central Hospital in Denver Colorado was the first hospital to have civilian hospital-based helicopter transport. This hospital-based helicopter transpo rt system is still in use today and is now intergrated with Denver EMS. The attributes of helicopter transport are speed, accessibility, specialized personnel and technology. Modern medical helicopters are capable of sustain speeds in excess of 150mph. This allows for patients to be transported to a specialized care center much faster than ground transport.Using a helicopter allows for emergency medical personnel to access patients in places ground crews cannot go. A helicopter can take off and land in a vertical motion. Emergency medical helicopters are staffed with highly trained and skilled staff. EMS helicopters are equipped with highly sophisticated medical technology and can reach people across a wide geographical area. When considering the use of the EMS helicopter you should take all these attributes into consideration. If these attributes are not important, then the use of an expensive EMS helicopter should not be used.Air medical transport can pose its own stressors to pat ients, medical staff and medical equipment. These stressors are more predominant in fixed-wing operations rather than helicopter transport. Hypoxemia is the biggest threat to people who fly. However helicopters no dot exceed 1000 feet above sea level. Patients being transported by helicopter are at no significant risk of hypoxemia secondary to decreased ambient pressure. Acceleration of the aircraft is another factor that can stress the patient. Helicopter acceleration force is not that much different than that of ground transport.Acceleration is more significant in fixed-wing aircraft. Noise is a major issue when it comes to helicopter transport. The noise inside the helicopter causes problems for the medical staff. The noise may hinder the medical staff from hearing lung sounds. The staff must use headphones and an intercom system to communicate. Vibration of the aircraft is another problem for the patient and staff. The vibrations can cause fatigue and discomfort to the patient. Vibration can also cause monitoring errors and equipment malfunction. Air medical transport has a few cons but when life is on the line these issues seem minor.Each helicopter has its own transport team. The transport team may consist of a pilot, registered nurse or paramedic, and can include EMT’s and EMT-I’s. Some flight crews include a physician. Physicians on fight crews have posed a lot of controversy as to whether a physician as a crew member improves the outcome of the patient. Each crew member must undergo many education courses as well as hands on training before being employed by HEMS. Safety is the most important aspect to HEMS. Emergency medical helicopters have an alarming history of crashes.The National Transportation Safety Board conducted a study to determine the major causes of helicopter crashes. Important areas of flight risk are the pilots, the mechanics of the aircraft, crew training, maintenance, weather conditions, time of day, and landing sites. The study showed that poor weather conditions posed the greatest risk for helicopter crashes. Since, the study many improvements have been made to improve the crash rate. It has been said that the sole decision is set on the pilot as to whether it is safe enough to take the flight or not.The pilot must consider the weather conditions, aircraft maintainence, and crew readiness. Medical personnel cannot make the decision to take the call. Medical personnel should not tell the pilot the nature of the call, because this may deter the pilot’s judgment. Currently the Federal Aviation Administration is looking to make changes in the safety procedures of HEMS. Air medical transport is generally used in for two reasons, rescue and inter-hospital transfer. Helicopter transport is very expensive and is potentially dangerous.Rescue helicopters are dispatched by emergency personnel at the scene. The helicopter reports to the scene of the accident or illness. When should a EMS helicopter be dispatched? EMS helicopter should only be called out when speed, accessibility, specialized equipment and personnel are all needed to save life or limb. Inter-hospital air medical transport is generally used to transfer critically ill patients to another hospital that suites the needs of the patient. There are two types of landing sites for EMS helicopters. One type is the controlled site. The controlled site located at hospitals.These landing sites are constructed to safely accomindate the aircraft. The second type of landing site is the uncontrolled landing site. The uncontrolled landing site is landing at the scene of an accident. The landing site is selected by the ground EMS. The pilot looks at the site and determines if it is safe to land or not. Ground EMS are trained on how to chose, and mark a landing site. Ground EMS personnel are also trained on how to behave around the aircraft. When a patient is going to be transported by air the ground EMS must prepare the patient f or transport.The EMS ground crew should have the patient stabilized as much as possible before transport. Another way ground EMS can prepare the patient is to intubate a patient that has a high potential for loss of airway. Good communication is the biggest factor in a successful transport. Ground EMS typically has radio communication with the helicopter. The communication between the two should be maintained until after the helicopter takes off. Maintaining good communication allows the flight crew to inform ground EMS of any major, unexpected patient complications or malfunctions of the aircraft.EMS helicopters must have well trained, diverse flight crews. These crew members must be able to perform their duties on the scene of an accident and while in flight. The crew members are trained to handle many different types of patients such as drowning, burns, spinal cord injuries, heart attacks, pediatric and neonatal patients. The flight nurse is responsible for the patient assessment , and interventions before loading the patient on the aircraft. The flight nurse must know how to use all the equipment and know all the safety guidelines pertaining to the aircraft.There are many different requirements to becoming a flight paramedic. A person who wants to become a flight paramedic must be able to work in chaotic situations. Becoming a flight paramedic involves a lot of hard work and dedication. The person who wants to become a paramedic must have at least one year EMT experience and many different certifications such as: CPR, Basic Life Support (BLS), Basic Pediatric Life Support (BPLS), Basic Trauma Life Support (BTLS), Neo Natal Life Support (NALS), Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS), and Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS).In order to become a flight paramedic this person would have to have at least 5 years critical care experience in a high volume progressive EMS system. Becoming a flight paramedic is no easy task.References Formm, Jr. Robert E. â€Å"Air medical transport†. Journal of Family Practice. March 1993. http://www. findarticals. com/p/articles. html . 1 Oct. 2010. Kreisher, Otto. â€Å"The Rise of the Helicopter During the Korean War†. Aviation History Magazine. History. net Jan 2007. http://www. historynet. com/the-rise-of-the -helicopter-during-the-korean-war. htm. 1 Oct. 010 Federal Aviation Administration. â€Å"Helicopter Emergency Medical Service Safety. †8 June 2010. http://www. faa. gov/news/fact_sheets/news_story. cfm? newsID+6763. 1 Oct. 2010. Lenworth M. Jacobs, MD, MPH, FACS, and Bennet, Barbra, RN, MPH. â€Å"The Critical Care Helicopter System in Trauma. † Hartford Conneticut.. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC/articles. 1 Oct. 2010 Gentile. Rosanne. â€Å"How to Become a Flight Paramedic: Required Qualifications and Education. † Associated Content. 18 August 2008. http://associatedcontent. com. 1 Oct. 2010

Genetically Modified Food Should Be Limited Essay

Cigarettes and alcohol belong to the products with unhealthy substances which annually kill thousands people over the world. Many countries try to solve this global problem through the various campaigns or controversial advertisements. Governments attempt to make people conscious of all negatives of these products. However, this is not a case of genetically modified food. A lot of people are unaware of the content of genetically modified food, which they have been buying and eating every day for several years. New kinds of allergies or various types of diseases star spreading in some countries and a lot of people can not find any reason for getting them. Genetically modified food should belimited because of negative effects on environment, economy, people and society. Lack of information about genetically modified food causes that people do not have any possibility to make the same informed choice; therefore, this nontraditional food should have some limits. There are still a lot of people who have no idea about products which they buy and consume. When people go shopping to supermarkets, they can find great looking fruit, vegetable or meat; however, they can not see a label of GMF. For example, the US is one of the countries which do not require labeling. According to Britanny Shoot (2009), â€Å"the governmental and industry opposition to mandatory labeling has long been rooted in several arguments:† that production cost would be rapidly raised by labeling because of other monitoring of facilities; â€Å"that GM labels will signal safety or nutritional problems for consumers only accustomed to seeing nutritional information on labels and should therefore not be included† and that other labels â€Å"GM† and â€Å"GM-free† would be required. Therefore, production of genetically modified food should have some boundars if there are still countries in which people are not informed about this harmful food. Another point is that, genetically modified food could trigger a lot of different kind of diseases. When scientists have discovered GMF, it was progress in not only science but also sociaty. However, the first illnesses have appeared, since selling of genetically modified food spread over the world. For example, different kinds of allergies or cancers are the most dangerous diseases which could be caused by genetically modified food. According to Myron Stagman, PhD (2006), genetic modification avoid Evolution`s safeguard and can lead to growth of pathogens which often cause recorded, but unpublicized fatal disease epidemics. So people can suffer from some disease without consciousness that it could be caused by GMF. There is an untested virus gene in some GMF that could be toxic and harmful to not only people but also animals. (cited in Virus in GMF, 2013). Therefore, people could not be sure of effects of genetically modified food which they eat. In summary, this nontraditional food should not be without limits. It is also remarkable that genetically modified food could have negative effects on economy. There is a decrease in United State maize exports to the European Union from the beginning of production of GM crops. â€Å"Experts went a high of 2.8 million tons in 1995-96 to virtually nothing during 2000-01. That is a dramatic economic impact on U.S. farmers.† This is information from the source (C. Frompovich 2010). So production of genetically modified food could be slack and incapable to bring yield in some countries. GE crops, which are used commercially, do not support growth of the yield potential of a variety. They might even decline. â€Å"Perhaps the biggest issue raised by these results is how to explain the rapid adoption of GE crops when farm financial impacts appear to be mixed or even negative.† This is information from the source (GMF – renewed, 2008). Thus, genetically modified food should disappear from the market or be limited. Another claim is that genetically modified food may cause environmental dangerous changes. These shifts are related to not only people but also other organisms. An increased level of estrogen is caused by glyphosate, which is used in crops as resistance to weed. It could have harmful and long term effects on all mammals, including people which are very sensitive to the raised rate of estrogen. This is information from the source (Top 10 dangers of GMF, 2009). So, this nontraditional food can contain toxic substances which could cause to some animals harmful effects or deaf. According to Deborah B. Withman (2002), a lot of butterfly caterpillars die because of pollen from b.t. corn. The problem is that butterfly caterpillars which do not eat corn, but milkweed plants, could die because â€Å"pollen from b.t. corn is blown by the wind onto milkweed plants in neighboring fields.† Thus, genetically modified food and his production should be limited. However, the low cost of production and lower selling prices for more food stimulate a lot of people to consider this nontraditional food as the potential solution to the lack of food or even hunger. Therefore, there are still a lot of exponents, who believe that genetically modified food is very beneficial for human beings. While they can be right, there are still a lot of negatives of this controversial food. Some studies have shown that this nontraditional food can cause problems with human digestive system. The incorporation of some substances can interact badly with one another in food. In addition, GMF could cause poisoning, because the modification of certain genes could produce plant substances whichare difficult to digest at all. It is true that genetically modified food could be a solution of hunger and can help in case of the lack of food, but actually this nontraditional food could have several negative effects. Therefore, it should be limited because of negative impacts on humans, their health, environment and economy. It is usually good to invent something new but an advance for scientists do not have to be an advance for all humans. Reference Brittany Shoot (2009, November 25). GMO or No: Problematic Intersections of Religion, Biotechnology, and Food. Retrieved February 16, 2013, from Religiondispatches: http://www.religiondispatches.org/books/2018/gmo_or_no__problematic_intersections_of_religion__biotechnology__and_food__/ Stagman, M. Phd. (2006). GMO Disease Epidemics: Bt-cotton Fiber Disease. Retrieved February 16, 2013, from Portland: http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2006/08/344305.shtml Virus in GM food could be dangerous. (2013, February 8). Retrieved February 12, 2013, from Unknowncountry: http://www.unknowncountry.com/news/virus-gm-foods-could-be-dangerous Catherine J Frompovich. (2010, June 23). Economic Issues Surrounding Genetically Modified Foods. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from Infowars: http://www.infowars.com/economic-issues-surrounding-genetically-modified-foods/ Genetically modified (GM) foods – renewed threat to Europe. (2008, December). Retrieved February 16, 2013, from Bangmfood:http://www.bangmfood.org/publications/4-short-leaflets/1-10-reasons-why-we-dont-need-gm-foods Top 10 dangers of genetically modified food. (2009, April). Retrieved February 15, 2013, from Invigorate306: http://www.invigorate360.com/reviews/top-10-dangers-of-genetically-modified-food/ Deborah B. Withman. (2000, April). Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful? Retrieved February 15, 2013, from CSA: http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php.

Example Report

BEE3133 Electrical Power Systems Distribution System: Radial and Ring Distribution Laboratory 1 Fathimah binti Abdul Halim EA09089 Faculty of Electric and Electrical Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang Email: [email  protected] com Introduction Generally, distribution system is part of power systems which distributes power to the consumers for utilization. That distribution system is the electrical system between the sub-station fed by the transmission system and the consumer meters. The distribution systems consist of feeders, distributors and service mains.A feeder is a conductor which connects the sub-station (or localised generating station) to the area where power is to be distributed. Basically no tappings are taken from the feeder so that current in it remains the same throughout. A distributor is a conductor from which tappings are taken for supply to the consumers. The current through a distributor is not constant because tappings are taken at various places along its l ength. A service main is generally a small cable which connects the distributor to the consumer’s terminals. In practice, the radial system and ring main system are used. Experiment 1: Radial Distribution SystemIntroduction Electricity suppliers normally use radial distribution in rural areas where the load is randomly distributed, separated by areas with little or no habitation, and back up supplies are normally not available. The length of feeder is typically limited to 500m or less. In the radial distribution system, feeders supplying the consumers are all fed from a central point (the substation) as shown in Figure 1. There is no looping of the feeders. Figure 1: Radial System of Feeders Objective To demonstrate the principles of the commonly used radial system for low voltage distribution networks. Schematic Diagrams:Figure 2: Schematic diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure A Figure 3: Schematic Diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure B Figure 4: Schematic Diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure C Results for Procedure A: Table 1: Lamp Voltages Load| Voltage| Lamp 1| 23. 0V| Lamp 2| 18. 0V| Lamp 3| 14. 0V| Lamp 4| 11. 0V| Lamp 5| 9. 0V| Lamp 6| 8. 0V| Results for Procedure B: Table 2: Results for Procedure B Circuit Number| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 22. 0V| 0. 048A| 6. 0V| 2| 17. 0v| 0. 055A| 12. 0V| 3| 13. 0V| 0. 060A| 15. 0V| 4| 10. 0V| 0. 062A| 18. 0V| 5| 9. 0V| 0. 061A| 20. 0V| 6| 8. 0V| 0. 060A| 21. 0V|Table 3: Calculated and Measured Resistor Currents and Voltages Resistor Number| Calculated Current| Calculated Voltage Drop| Measured Voltage Drop| Error| 1| 0. 846A| 8. 0V| 6. 0V| 25. 00%| 2| 0. 654A| 13. 0V| 12. 0V| 7. 69%| 3| 0. 500A| 17. 0V| 15. 0V| 11. 76%| 4| 0. 385A| 20. 0V| 18. 0V| 10. 00%| 5| 0. 346A| 21. 0V| 20. 0V| 4. 76%| 6| 0. 308A| 22. 0V| 21. 0V| 4. 55%| Table 4: Lamp Voltages Lamp number| Calculated voltage| Measured voltage| Error| 1| 22. 00V| 22. 0V| 0%| 2| 17. 00V| 17. 0V| 0%| 3| 13. 00V| 13. 0V| 0%| 4| 10. 01V| 10. 0V| 0. 10%| 5| 9. 00V| 9. 0V| 0%| 6| 8. 01V| 8. 0V| 0. 12%| Results for Procedure C:Table 5: Separate Feeders CircuitNumber| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 28. 0V| 0. 067A| 1. 0V| 2| 26. 0V| 0. 066A| 3. 0V| 3| 25. 0V| 0. 061A| 4. 0V| 4| 24. 0V| 0. 061A| 6. 0V| 5| 22. 0V| 0. 059A| 7. 0V| 6| 21. 0V| 0. 057A| 8. 0V| Discussion: The voltage across each lamp in procedure A, decreased as well as the brightness of the lamps due to the increase in the distance of the lamps from power supply. As the current passes through a longer distance, more the value of voltage is â€Å"lost† (unavailable to the load), due to the voltage drop developed across the resistance of the conductor.In the procedure B, value of current, voltage and voltage drop are calculated and measured. The kirchoff’s Law is used to calculate the value of calculated current. In table 3, the values of calculated and measured voltage for voltage drop are d ifferent from one another since the value of measured voltage drop and calculated voltage drop increased as the distance of the lamps from power supply increased. In table 4, the values of measured and calculated voltage are not much difference from each other.When the distance of the lamps from source increased, both values show a decreased. It can be concluded that as the amount of resistor increases, the voltage drop across the resistor also increases, it is shown in the graph resistor number against voltage drop above. In procedure C, each lamp is fed by a separate feeder connected to the supply. Referring to table 5, when the amount of loads/lamps increase, the voltage across each lamp decreases. However, the voltage drop in each lamp increases corresponding to the amount of loads applied in the procedure.A principle known as Kirchhoff's circuit laws states that in any circuit, the sum of the voltage drops across each component of the circuit is equal to the supply voltage. Con clusion: As conclusion, the principles of the commonly used radial system for low voltage distribution networks is demonstrated. Experiment 2: Ring Distribution System Introduction This is commonly used in urban areas with high housing density. In such system, LV cables from neighbouring distribution substations are either looped together or are terminated very close to one another where an interconnection of cables can be made.This system is normally used when a high degree of reliability of load supply is required and back up substations are made available. Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram for a ring distribution network. Figure 7: Ring Distribution Network Objective To demonstrate the principles of ring distribution systems as used in low voltage networks. Schematic Diagrams: Figure 6: Schematic diagram for Experiment 3 Procedure A Figure 7: Schematic diagram for Experiment 3 Procedure B Results for Procedure A: Lamp Number| Voltage| 1| 26V| 2| 24V| | 22V| 4| 24V| 5| 26V| 6| 30 V| Table 7: Lamp voltages Results for Procedure B: CircuitNumber| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 26. 0V| 0. 025A| 4V| 2| 24. 0V| 0. 026A| 6V| 3| 23. 0V| 0. 025A| 7V| 4| 23. 5V| 0. 026A| 6V| 5| 26. 0V| 0. 025A| 4V| 6| 30. 0V| 0. 023A| 0V| Table 8: Voltage and Current Measurements Discussion: The ring circuit acts like two radial circuits proceeding in opposite directions around the ring, the dividing point between them dependent on the distribution of load in the ring.If the load is evenly split across the two directions, the current in each direction is half of the total, allowing the use of wire with half the current-carrying capacity. In procedure A, as the number of load increases, the voltage across lamp increases. The lamp voltage wit the corresponding value obtained in the experiment showed that as the number of load increases, the brightness of the lamp increases. There are differences between lamp voltage for ring distribution system and lamp voltage for radial distribution. The lamp voltage for radial distribution and ring distribution increases as the number of load increases.For procedure B, the comparisons can be made between radial and ring distribution systems. A radial system has only one power source. The lamp voltage for radial system decreased as the load/resistance increased while the lamp voltage for ring system increased as the load/resistance increased. Ring system is more expensive to install as it takes double the cable (but not double the installation time) but it is far superior in performance, as the current to any one socket/outlet has 2 parallel paths to take, so the cable is under less load.Also if one leg of the ring fails open (loose terminal in a socket/outlet) then the remaining leg still safely provides current. Radial circuits are adequate for lighting, as it is a low load, but sockets/outlets are best fed from a ring system. Hence, it can be concluded that ring distribution system offer ed a higher voltage load and lower feeder voltage drop. Conclusion: The objective was achieved. The principles of ring distribution systems as used in low voltage networks is demonstrated. Example Report BEE3133 Electrical Power Systems Distribution System: Radial and Ring Distribution Laboratory 1 Fathimah binti Abdul Halim EA09089 Faculty of Electric and Electrical Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang Email: [email  protected] com Introduction Generally, distribution system is part of power systems which distributes power to the consumers for utilization. That distribution system is the electrical system between the sub-station fed by the transmission system and the consumer meters. The distribution systems consist of feeders, distributors and service mains.A feeder is a conductor which connects the sub-station (or localised generating station) to the area where power is to be distributed. Basically no tappings are taken from the feeder so that current in it remains the same throughout. A distributor is a conductor from which tappings are taken for supply to the consumers. The current through a distributor is not constant because tappings are taken at various places along its l ength. A service main is generally a small cable which connects the distributor to the consumer’s terminals. In practice, the radial system and ring main system are used. Experiment 1: Radial Distribution SystemIntroduction Electricity suppliers normally use radial distribution in rural areas where the load is randomly distributed, separated by areas with little or no habitation, and back up supplies are normally not available. The length of feeder is typically limited to 500m or less. In the radial distribution system, feeders supplying the consumers are all fed from a central point (the substation) as shown in Figure 1. There is no looping of the feeders. Figure 1: Radial System of Feeders Objective To demonstrate the principles of the commonly used radial system for low voltage distribution networks. Schematic Diagrams:Figure 2: Schematic diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure A Figure 3: Schematic Diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure B Figure 4: Schematic Diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure C Results for Procedure A: Table 1: Lamp Voltages Load| Voltage| Lamp 1| 23. 0V| Lamp 2| 18. 0V| Lamp 3| 14. 0V| Lamp 4| 11. 0V| Lamp 5| 9. 0V| Lamp 6| 8. 0V| Results for Procedure B: Table 2: Results for Procedure B Circuit Number| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 22. 0V| 0. 048A| 6. 0V| 2| 17. 0v| 0. 055A| 12. 0V| 3| 13. 0V| 0. 060A| 15. 0V| 4| 10. 0V| 0. 062A| 18. 0V| 5| 9. 0V| 0. 061A| 20. 0V| 6| 8. 0V| 0. 060A| 21. 0V|Table 3: Calculated and Measured Resistor Currents and Voltages Resistor Number| Calculated Current| Calculated Voltage Drop| Measured Voltage Drop| Error| 1| 0. 846A| 8. 0V| 6. 0V| 25. 00%| 2| 0. 654A| 13. 0V| 12. 0V| 7. 69%| 3| 0. 500A| 17. 0V| 15. 0V| 11. 76%| 4| 0. 385A| 20. 0V| 18. 0V| 10. 00%| 5| 0. 346A| 21. 0V| 20. 0V| 4. 76%| 6| 0. 308A| 22. 0V| 21. 0V| 4. 55%| Table 4: Lamp Voltages Lamp number| Calculated voltage| Measured voltage| Error| 1| 22. 00V| 22. 0V| 0%| 2| 17. 00V| 17. 0V| 0%| 3| 13. 00V| 13. 0V| 0%| 4| 10. 01V| 10. 0V| 0. 10%| 5| 9. 00V| 9. 0V| 0%| 6| 8. 01V| 8. 0V| 0. 12%| Results for Procedure C:Table 5: Separate Feeders CircuitNumber| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 28. 0V| 0. 067A| 1. 0V| 2| 26. 0V| 0. 066A| 3. 0V| 3| 25. 0V| 0. 061A| 4. 0V| 4| 24. 0V| 0. 061A| 6. 0V| 5| 22. 0V| 0. 059A| 7. 0V| 6| 21. 0V| 0. 057A| 8. 0V| Discussion: The voltage across each lamp in procedure A, decreased as well as the brightness of the lamps due to the increase in the distance of the lamps from power supply. As the current passes through a longer distance, more the value of voltage is â€Å"lost† (unavailable to the load), due to the voltage drop developed across the resistance of the conductor.In the procedure B, value of current, voltage and voltage drop are calculated and measured. The kirchoff’s Law is used to calculate the value of calculated current. In table 3, the values of calculated and measured voltage for voltage drop are d ifferent from one another since the value of measured voltage drop and calculated voltage drop increased as the distance of the lamps from power supply increased. In table 4, the values of measured and calculated voltage are not much difference from each other.When the distance of the lamps from source increased, both values show a decreased. It can be concluded that as the amount of resistor increases, the voltage drop across the resistor also increases, it is shown in the graph resistor number against voltage drop above. In procedure C, each lamp is fed by a separate feeder connected to the supply. Referring to table 5, when the amount of loads/lamps increase, the voltage across each lamp decreases. However, the voltage drop in each lamp increases corresponding to the amount of loads applied in the procedure.A principle known as Kirchhoff's circuit laws states that in any circuit, the sum of the voltage drops across each component of the circuit is equal to the supply voltage. Con clusion: As conclusion, the principles of the commonly used radial system for low voltage distribution networks is demonstrated. Experiment 2: Ring Distribution System Introduction This is commonly used in urban areas with high housing density. In such system, LV cables from neighbouring distribution substations are either looped together or are terminated very close to one another where an interconnection of cables can be made.This system is normally used when a high degree of reliability of load supply is required and back up substations are made available. Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram for a ring distribution network. Figure 7: Ring Distribution Network Objective To demonstrate the principles of ring distribution systems as used in low voltage networks. Schematic Diagrams: Figure 6: Schematic diagram for Experiment 3 Procedure A Figure 7: Schematic diagram for Experiment 3 Procedure B Results for Procedure A: Lamp Number| Voltage| 1| 26V| 2| 24V| | 22V| 4| 24V| 5| 26V| 6| 30 V| Table 7: Lamp voltages Results for Procedure B: CircuitNumber| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 26. 0V| 0. 025A| 4V| 2| 24. 0V| 0. 026A| 6V| 3| 23. 0V| 0. 025A| 7V| 4| 23. 5V| 0. 026A| 6V| 5| 26. 0V| 0. 025A| 4V| 6| 30. 0V| 0. 023A| 0V| Table 8: Voltage and Current Measurements Discussion: The ring circuit acts like two radial circuits proceeding in opposite directions around the ring, the dividing point between them dependent on the distribution of load in the ring.If the load is evenly split across the two directions, the current in each direction is half of the total, allowing the use of wire with half the current-carrying capacity. In procedure A, as the number of load increases, the voltage across lamp increases. The lamp voltage wit the corresponding value obtained in the experiment showed that as the number of load increases, the brightness of the lamp increases. There are differences between lamp voltage for ring distribution system and lamp voltage for radial distribution. The lamp voltage for radial distribution and ring distribution increases as the number of load increases.For procedure B, the comparisons can be made between radial and ring distribution systems. A radial system has only one power source. The lamp voltage for radial system decreased as the load/resistance increased while the lamp voltage for ring system increased as the load/resistance increased. Ring system is more expensive to install as it takes double the cable (but not double the installation time) but it is far superior in performance, as the current to any one socket/outlet has 2 parallel paths to take, so the cable is under less load.Also if one leg of the ring fails open (loose terminal in a socket/outlet) then the remaining leg still safely provides current. Radial circuits are adequate for lighting, as it is a low load, but sockets/outlets are best fed from a ring system. Hence, it can be concluded that ring distribution system offer ed a higher voltage load and lower feeder voltage drop. Conclusion: The objective was achieved. The principles of ring distribution systems as used in low voltage networks is demonstrated.

Representing bodies case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Representing bodies case study - Essay Example including the gender depictions and stereotypes drawn from the movie ‘8 mile.’ It shall provide an analysis of the characters in the movie and the gender-related elements observed in the story and the motivations of the characters. The movie ‘8 mile’ begins with the lead character Jimmy Rabbit, played by Eminem, staring at a bathroom mirror in a local pub. He is seen trying to memorize lyrics for what appears to the audience as a local rap contest. From the very start, attention to his body is made with the camera shifting to his face and then to his chest, his arms, and to his feet. The physicality seen in this scene is very clear, and can somewhat be likened to the film Rocky, where Balboa is also trying to prepare for a big fight. The focus on the physicality of the character already implies the focus on masculinity and the emphasis on the male space. The need to secure a masculine space calls on the lead actor’s own life as a rap singer, his struggles with his mother, his struggle to gain legitimacy in the black-dominated rap world, and his desire to secure an escape against his own history of deprivation and poverty. Just as rap music seemed to inspire Rabbit, Eminem has also found inspiration in his rap music to secure meaning and purpose in his life. Performing in his first rap contest, he ‘chokes’ and is unable to speak. He also failed to connect with the male African-American audience. According to Vincent Stephens (2005, p. 22), in some ways, a reverse discrimination against whites who are rapping is very much apparent. Rabbit is labelled a fake by other black rappers, most likely because he did not have much experience rapping in front of their black-dominated audience, and also because they simply did not give much credence to him because he is white (Stephens, 2005, p. 23). In this scene, Rabbit is e masculated, and throughout the rest of the film, proving his masculinity within the context of the rapping world became his

Policies to the Maintenance of the National Sovereignty Case Study

Policies to the Maintenance of the National Sovereignty - Case Study Example For any immigration policy to have sustainable success, the key element to be taken care is assimilation. However, no country in the world has been successful as the United States, in ensuring the acculturation of the immigrants. It has been ensured to turn the immigrants into Americans at the soonest as a result of the strategic immigration policy. This successful immigration policy has earned the United States of America the fame as the world’s first universal nation. (Hayworth, John D & Eule, Joe, 2006 b) This assimilation has had extensive acceleration in the early twentieth century due to the active involvement of public schools, churches, and other social organizations in promoting the Americanization process. Interestingly even larger corporate firms took up the onus of carrying out the deliverables of the governmental immigration policy. (Hayworth, John D & Eule, Joe, 2006 b) Â   Â   Â   Â   However, a policy change more assertive on multiculturalism than on Americanization changed the scenario to a large extent. The policies changed its concerns more towards cultural equity and respect than on Americanization. Even the education system and the governance system asserting on bilingual strategies stand as a proof for this development. Unfortunately, these policy changes led to the segregation of the immigrants from the American born citizens (Lippman, Lorna, 1983). The matter of higher concern is that this segregation never melted through generations. The newer generations of the immigrants were also encouraged to stick on to their own cultural values though to a varied extent. Resultantly The United States of America turned out to be a nation where varied cultures and people of nationalities coexisted in peace but was never united as a single community having similar values and goals (Hayworth, John D & Eule, Joe, 2006 b). To be more precise, the immi gration policies never encouraged this binding process.

Compensation And Employment Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Compensation And Employment Ethics - Essay Example You don't necessarily know the inherent assumptions which went into the design of the software, nor do you know with certainty what its limitations are. These computer programs and the computers themselves are wonderful tools but don’t use them blindly. The E&C contractor lost the job, one that was worth over $500 million. I don't know but I would not be surprised if some engineers also lost their jobs – they should have. In this case, blind faith in a piece of software cost the firm a lot of money. In another set of circumstances, this type of error could have cost lives. Protection of the public, the basis for requiring the engineering â€Å"seal† in the first place, is only afforded when an engineer qualified in the relevant discipline is responsible for all aspects of planning, design, and field supervision of the project. Engineering is an exciting field, and one of the best things about it is the wide range of career opportunities it affords. However, as professionals, engineers must remain vigilant so that they do not overestimate their abilities in fields outside their chosen discipline. The American Society of Civil Engineers serves my field of study. In order to be a member of the society, one must be certified as a land surveyor or engineer intern and licensed in the US as an L.S or P.E. additionally, one must have a bachelor’s and master’s degree from an ABET/EAC accredited civil engineering school. the society requires engineers to comply with the ASCE code of ethics It was ethical for Most to decline the job since someone cannot be forced to undertake a job he feels uncomfortable with. Also, Ball acted ethically by highlighting that Most had the required qualifications. This is because lying to the administrative board would have been unethical.

Extended Self and Consumerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Extended Self and Consumerism - Essay Example For example, some of us are focused on personal comfort and buy cars; some other people want to collect money or some trifles to satisfy their aesthetic desires, needs and wants. It is possible to claim that Oscar Wilde's main characters were often considered about their appearance to the greatest extent. These ideas are relevant to the modern context, because they underline that people appreciate their appearance and buy the objects of art, luxury or jewelry just to look good. In other words, people create their own images by means of different products and objects. To correlate the principles of consumerism with our daily behaviors in the market, it is necessary to have a strong theoretical background and up-to-date empirical material. The works by Belk (1988) and Goffman (1990) are illustrated by blogs of the consumers in the Internet. Consumerism and Blogs Belk claims that "if involuntary loss of possessions causes a loss of self, one of the primary reactions following such loss should be an attempt at self-restoration. This phenomenon has been observed in psychoanalysis and has led to the hypothesis that, along with body loss, object loss is the fountainhead of creativity" (Belk, 1988). Therefore, we can claim that the things we own reflect our inner stability. We are well-balanced personalities in case we feel all right and feel our ability to buy a thing or object we want. It sounds like individuals are not complicated individuals. We do not need much, but we want much. Now, when there is a perfect opportunity to share your aspirations with the global community, we are pleasantly sharing this opportunity and use this chance perfectly. When we buy pets, very often we subconsciously chose those breeds, which will look like us. We extend our selves in our dogs; we want to become their masters and parents at the same time. In one blog post there was a commentary about a similar nature of a dog and a master of a dog: "We spend money on our dogs,  pampering them with fancy collars and toys.   Investing in our pets has become a part of being a pet owner, and it speaks of our morals as pet owners.   If someone refuses to take their sick pet to the vet it’s similar to declining to take a child to the doctor" (The Extended Self). From this perspective pets are associated with our desire to nourish ourselves, or extended part of us as much as we want.    On the basis of several blog posts by Chinese consumers we will talk about correlation between the extended self and intentions of buyers to get some products or goods. A purpose of modern blogs can be considered as a means for consumer culture promotion. Cyberspace is a modern plane for promotion of desires and interests of the customers in some goods. Blog is a unique means for self-expression online. It is a kind of a modern diary, which can include up-to-date photos and music. Incomes and urban consumer culture is being developed at a full pace in China. Of course, it is mo re natural of women to update their information about blogs if they talk about their purchases. Thus, "Jessie† updates the world on her blog about new additions to her private closet, and discusses her favorite possessions ranging from a pair of Converse shoes to Abercrombie shirts. She writes about what she already has and laments what she could not afford to have" (Xin Zhao, Belk 2007). On the one hand, this girl does not have any problems and she can

Organizational Policy and Strategy of Southwest Airlines Case Study

Organizational Policy and Strategy of Southwest Airlines - Case Study Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that to meet the challenges of the time, the company exuded confidence by not only increasing the number of flights but it also went in for employment for more workers. This action of the company provided it with the competitive edge because the other airlines were not only reducing the flights but they had also laid off a considerable number of workers. This resulted in a significant increase in its market position and at the same time, considerably improved the management relations with the labor unions. The major factor that led to Southwest’s success was its policy of acknowledging the human behavior and maintain non-attrition by not laying off the staff. The company’s strategy was to increase the number of customer service agents so that the passengers could get improved personal service and emotional support and security at the crisis time. The organizational culture of the company promoted the concept of a ‘big fami ly’ and therefore the workforce was more conscientious and worked harder during the tough time which led to the improved performance of the company. After the probation period of six months, all the employees of the airlines become eligible for ‘Southwest’s profit-sharing plan’ that greatly motivates the workforce. Another factor that contributed towards the success was its better relations with the labor unions. The role of the union has become critical to the wider interest of the human capital employed across the organizations. The collective bargaining of the union has greatly facilitated the welfare of the workforce and has promoted their interest amongst the management.

Business ethics and law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business ethics and law - Essay Example The current business market in the United Kingdom has become a very competitive one. Companies are going to great extents in order to attract the customers to their services and products. This competition is very healthy for the generation of a profit making market that has got fair services for the consumers The competitive nature of these markets also helps with the improvement of the quality of the services and the products that the different companies and organizations make available for their customers. It is the social responsibilities of these businesses to use the resources that are in their disposal and engage themselves in activities that will increase the generation of profits. However, these activities have got to stay within the laws that have been set by the government regarding the ethical conduct of the businesses. This paper will focus on this law and how they do help in the creation of a free and fair competitive market for all the businesses in the United Kingdom. Business ethics and the legal implications that accompany it have become one of the most important factors in the UK market today. These business ethics and laws have got a very important role to play in terms of controlling the conduct of the competition between these businesses. The laws that have been set solely focus on the growth of ethical elements in the markets in order to allow for a fair conduct of trade and business (Bantekas, 2004). These laws do cover the social responsibility and principles which govern the competitive markets for the businesses in order to create a smooth platform for the conduct of trade. This also serves as a means of protecting the consumers from extortion and cheating by these businesses which might seek to take advantage of them in the name of being competitive and trying to win them over. The social responsibility of these laws is to create an environment where there is there is balance in between the employees of the companies, the stakeholders and the customers. Each one of these three members is entitle to fair services in the business market regardless of the competition (Maloni & Brown, 2006). Observation of the business laws and ethical conducts when it comes to the operational activities is very important. Management of any business has got the responsibility of acting in ways which ethical in making the decisions on how to go about the operational activities of a company. The operational activities need to be considerate of the greater good of not only the organization but that of its employees as well (Trevio & Nelson, 2007). The managers have thus got the responsibility of watching out on how they behave towards the employees since that might impact their reaction either negatively or positively. One of the primary roles of the business laws in the UK is to enable the managers demonstrate the right type of behavior towards their employees especially when addressing them on how to go about the operational activiti es of the company. The managers have got to be keen not to overwork these employees in the name of making profits for the company (Moser, 2009). Business laws and ethics are always looking for ways through which competitive advantage can be created in the UK market (Hartman, 2008). Thus, the business ethics do come up with imaginations that have been collectively multifaceted. These imaginations in the market are complicated so as to enable them grow significantly with time in the businesses. The competition levels in the markets force most of the managers to make some very radical decisions regarding the company (Henry, 2012). All this is usually aimed at making the business more competitive in the market. However, some of these decisions made might create a conflict between the managers and the shareholders. This is because of issues arising from trust and honesty. The shareholders might think that the managers are making these decisions in order for

Reasons for pursuing a legal educaton, goals on the future, plans upon Personal Statement

Reasons for pursuing a legal educaton, goals on the future, plans upon graduation, and experiences that made me realize - Personal Statement Example In addition, I also worked as the co-owner of Triune Studios which produces music for some top selling artists including Madonna and Shakira. Furthermore, I also tried my hand in film production by working as script supervisor and even did scouting services for the director of Next Models, one of the top talent agencies in the world. However, my lack of knowledge about the rules pertaining to entertainment industry is a matter of serious concern for me. I believe it is highly necessary for me now to get some knowledge about entertainment law. During these years, I have noticed one thing that there is an acute deficiency in the number of legal experts who deal with the issues of entertainment industry. . I have my friends who have graduated in law but they still possess relatively less idea about this field. This made me realize the fact that one who specializes in entertainment law is certain to have a lucrative career ahead. From my experience in the music field, I know very well th at the legalities in music industry are quite complex in nature including talent agreements with musicians and composers, producer agreements, synchronization rights, intellectual property issues and copyrights. And the film industry has issues like option agreements, finance, chain of title, talent agreements including film directors, actors, composers, production designers, distribution, intellectual property issues and trademark. However, many people in this field have little or no knowledge about these jargons and there is an acute shortage of experts in these fields. I thought about this issue over and over and found that this is my field as there is a large number of factors in my favor. First of all, during my career in film and music industry, I have developed a lot of connections with a large number of people in these fields and I am sure to have a lucrative career being their legal adviser. In fact, I will not have any problem finding clientele as I have a lot of contacts. My knowledge about these fields will help me understand the issues in a better way and studies must be easy for me. Education and entertainment industry are my passions. I already earned graduation in Arts and Psychology. The Arts degree has enormously helped me in improving my performance in the field of entertainment. I admit that it sharpened my skills to a great extent. In addition, my degree in psychology gives me a better understanding of the expectations of the target audience, thus making my productions a huge success. So, where I am lacking severely now is in the matter of legal aspects of this industry and hence, law education has become very essential for me. In fact, it is my desire to produce more films and music videos. As my career and business are growing by leaps and bounds, there is a need to have better understanding of the legal jargons including option agreements, finance, chain of title, talent agreements including film directors, actors, composers, production designers, distribution and intellectual property issues. This knowledge will certainly add a lot to my repertoire and will give me more confidence in my pursuit. Recently, one of my friends in the entertainment industry had a dispute over copyright and it reached the court soon. In that situation, no one in my friend circle had enough knowledge regarding the legalities involved in the issue. Had he got enough knowledge in the issue, he could have avoided such a situation. This incident made me realize the

Strategic HRM Planning Process Essay Example for Free

Strategic HRM Planning Process Essay I have gathered information over the last five weeks about department policies and best practices pertaining to ethical and diversity considerations. Based on these findings, the following proposal is presented to improve the strategic planning process. Diversity and ethics are buzzwords and are used frequently around the workplace. There are areas within both where making small changes could result in large benefits for the company’s HR strategic planning process. These considerations are important for the strategic plan because they encourage a positive company culture and decrease legal risks that could otherwise result in the demise of the company. Diversity As a restaurant and bar located in the middle of a military-base town, our personnel records indicate management has been hiring primarily a specific demographic type (women ages 18-30). Management has hired this demographic type over other demographic types more qualified. Even in an effort to appeal to specific customers, this bias can come off as discriminative and reflect negatively on the company. Two areas in need of consideration are appearance-based discrimination and age-based discrimination. ABC Restaurant Pub, unlike Hooters or certain other establishments, is not protected with a bona-fide occupational qualification defense (BFOQ). Even though our company has not been presented with a legal issue in this regard it does not mean we are not vulnerable. It is in the best interest of our strategic HRM planning process to implement a Diversity Awareness Training Program and redesign the hiring process to minimize this bias from occurring during hiring. Proposed Action The first step is to design a Diversity Awareness Training Program for managers that promotes a positive work environment. The training program explains the current equal employment laws and regulations and the benefits of a diverse workforce. Importantly, the training program helps reteach the managers how to recruit, hire, train, and promote based on qualifications and not strictly appearance or age. Each manager will receive the initial two-hour training and then attend an annual diversity-training refresher, thereafter. The second step is to redesign the hiring processes. Currently, the restaurant accepts both electronic and paper applications. However, I propose we only accept electronic applications. Paper applications allow the manager to place a face with a name, before the manager is able to read his or her qualifications. Whereas electronic applications allow the manager to read the facts (qualifications and experience) first. In addition to switching to electronic only applications, I recommend candidates to be interviewed by a three-person panel. Because the restaurant is limited in management, the panel interview should consist of at least one manager, and supervisors or head servers and ideally contain both men and women. Panel interviews minimize discrimination and favoritism. Benefits Legal Benefits: Compliance with EEO and Affirmative Action legislative and minimizes lawsuits allowing the company to evolve and reach its long-term goals. Diverse Customer Base: A diverse workforce appeals to a diverse customer base. Broadening customer base often brings more revenue. Variety of Viewpoints: A more diverse workforce brings more diverse ideas and experiences to the table. Diverse ideas can lead to an increase in creativity, innovation, and productivity. Ethical Consideration Currently, we are a company with a high-turnover rate, in an industry with a high-turnover rate. Over time application of our promotion policies have slowly diminished. Employee reviews are not conducted within a specified timeframe, if at all. Qualifications for promotions are not specific. Employees have different perspectives on performance expectations. It is critical for the promotion process to be fair, transparent, and systematic (Buzz, 2012). Not only is this illegal and can lead to discrimination claims but it is unfair and not motivating for the employees. I believe it is important for the strategic management planning process to implement fair and concise promotion processes because it is the key to advancing and retaining good employees. Retaining good employees leads to an increase in motivation and productivity. Proposed Action The first step is to publicize promotional openings so every employee is aware of advancement opportunities. Making this information available to everyone limits discrimination claims. The second step is to implement a strict employee review program. It is recommended to have a midyear meeting as well as an end of year review. The midyear meeting can address any issues or opportunities. Issues should be addressed regularly through the second half of the year. This is a time to be honest and ask the employee how they think they are doing, and any goals they may have for the next year. The end of the year review is to discuss compensation, bonuses, and promotion. There should be no surprises for the employee. The third step is to decide a specific salary increases guidelines for employees. Salary decisions must be based on performance and documented. Benefits Improve Employee Motivation- Motivation increases when opportunities are fairly distributed. Increase Productivity- Employees are more productive when challenged and financially rewarded. Lower Turnover- Employees tend to stay longer with a company they feel their efforts are recognized and advancement is available. Minimize Discrimination Suits – Closing It is my belief that making the aforementioned improvements are important to ABC Restaurant Pubs human resource management strategic planning process. Together the improvements will minimize legal issues, increase productivity, improve employee motivation, and diversify the customer base, all of which are important to develop a competitive advantage in the industry.

Creative Spark Talk Analysis Essay Example for Free

Creative Spark Talk Analysis Essay What defines you as a person? Who do you say that you are? These are questions that are often hard to answer because we have yet to understand or realize who we are as a person. Many times those questions are answered with a job title or a characteristic like I am a mom, a lawyer, or a caring person. But what truly defines you? Within this paper, we are going to look at Debra Jarvis’ story about how she chose to claim her experience and not allow it to define her. Debra like many women around the world has heard the dreaded â€Å"C† word, cancer, and was gripped by fear. One of the first stages of creativity is searching for the challenges. â€Å"The essence of creativity is meeting challenges in an imaginative, original, and effective way.† (Ruggiero, 2012) In Debra’s situation she did not have to search for the challenges; the problems was evident. However, not all challenges are obvious challenges they will require critical thinking to discover. Sometimes the problems and issues are so small or subtle that they are not always noticeable. (Ruggiero, 2012) The challenge for Debra was not succumbing to pressure of identifying herself as a victim of cancer. The second stage of creativity; expressing the problem or issue, was one that was not hard for Debra. â€Å"The objective of this stage is to find the best expression of the problem or issue, the one that will yield the most helpful ideas.† Debra’s diagnosis of breast cancer was a shock to many. She was bombarded with all types of questions and statements like, â€Å"You’re a Chaplin, you should be immune to cancer†; or â€Å"Now you are really going to find out what is important†. These statements were the very catalyst that pushed Debra to embrace her concept of not allowing cancer to define her identity. â€Å"Feeling faith, finding your identity and strengths in the midst of chaos, brings one to the realization that the most important things are not things but relationships.† (Ted Talk, 2014) The third stage of creativity is investigating the problem or issue. The third stage is necessary to deal with the problem or issue effectively. â⠂¬Å"In some cases, this will mean merely searching your past experiences and observations for appropriate material and bringing it to bear on the current problem.† (Ruggiero, 2012) During the fourth stage, we begin to produce ideas. The objective is to generate enough ideas to decide what action to take or what  belief to embrace. (Ruggiero, 2012) Debra was able to choose the option to have a mastectomy and then put in a saline implant. Debra’s use of creativity allowed her to define what her experience meant, and that meaning can be quiet or introverted. What the experience means today can change years from now. Most people have a hard time adopting their imagination, not because they lack imagination, but because they fear the reaction their ideas will receive. Debra embraces her imagination by moving from victim to victor. She chose to not become trapped by the negative stigma of cancer but evolve and share with the world on how to overcome. Debra’s choice to process her feelings instead of feeding them allows her to satisfy the curiosity of daring to be different. Instead of walking in the annual cancer walks, buying the keychain, shirts, and other cancer survivor symbolic items she processes it uniquely. Debra expresses, â€Å"that with any resurrection you must die first.† (Ted Talk, 2014) The Ted talk made several points that allow me to look at personal traumas as victorious instead of being the victim. Debra’s story was an eye opener on how so many survivors within our society have embraced the trauma as their identity, instead of claiming the experience. Debra’s example of â€Å"the resurrection and one dying first and embracing the tomb as a place to do our deep inner work to allow ourselves healing† was a defining moment for me. We have to let the crucified self die so the truer story can evolve. The message of claiming your experience and not allowing it to claim or define you was the key message of her Ted talk. If there were no survivors, it would be an end to being trapped in our wombs. References Ruggiero, V. R. (2012). The Art of Thinking (10th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. Ted Talk. (2014). Yes, I Survived Cancer but that doesnt define me. Retrieved from http://ted.com/talks/debra_jarvis_yes_i_survived_cancer_but_that _doesnt _define_me#t-253086

Can Man and Machine Exist Together?

Can Man and Machine Exist Together? In John Durkin (2003)s article Man Machine: I wonder if we can coexist, Durkin speculates on the ability of a possible coexistence between human and intelligent machine. The title of the essay is misleading in that Durkin talks of machines existing with humans but what he really means if whether artificial intelligence (AI) capable machines and humans can coexist. The concept of AI is enchanting and the possibility that biological intelligence coexisting with mechanized intelligence is tantalizing and the repercussions of such coexistence, or its alternatives, are profound. Unfortunately Durkins main sources are pop culture movies and he deals more with emotions of fear and distrust than the actual likelihood of any coexistence or what forms this might take. Durkin uses HAL 9000, a star of 2001: A Space Odyssey, from the movie adaptation of Clarkes short story The Sentinel written in 1948 as an example of how machine intelligence can defend its own interests and harm human beings in self-defence. In the movie the team of scientists try to deactivate a sentient computer which responds by killing those trying to deactivate/kill it. This brings to light questions on the rights of intelligent beings and what relation rights of other intelligence should have to human intelligence. The movie AI: Artificial Intelligence is also used by Durkin as a talking point where he reiterates the story of the movie, pointing out an intelligent machine can emulate human emotions to the point where humans respond as if the machine were one of our own. David, the main character in the story, does not resort to violence like HAL 9000, but experiences human emotions (or emulations of) and accepts his rejection by humankind. From this the question of what rights intelligent beings should have and how should ethical standards be developed to treat AI. Since David is visually indistinguishable from a human child, what are the qualities that differentiate man and machine? What is human? Humans delineate themselves from the rest of the natural world by intelligence. Traditionally humans have ranked importance based on ability to reason, with entities without the ability to show intelligence that we recognize as being inferior and humans rank them as such in our hierarchy of life. It is ok to kill a seemingly unintelligent insect but cries are heard when one kills a dolphin or elephant which humans consider more intelligent. Intelligence is sometimes seen as synonymous with sentience and sentience is something that humans respect and value. What exactly defines human intelligence? What do our brains have that machines cannot replicate? A brain is a biological composition of chemicals and biological matter which is vastly superior to all other known life for its unparalleled ability to process information and aid survival. Scientific studies on human feelings, emotions and thoughts have been able to map regions in the brain that are active when we feel react to fear, to pleasure and a variety of other emotions. Emotions, once thought dominion of the unobservable soul, are now visible as electrochemical reactions. If we can isolate the chemical components and find electronic analogues machines will be able to experience the same emotions. To create AI one needs to find the set of operating parameters the human brain follows and mimic them in an electronic format. David, from the movie AI, is such a machine. The programming of feelings and emotions into AI coupled with the development of humanoid bodies will begin to blue the line between man and machine. A question of intelligence The doubt of the coexistence of human intelligence and machine intelligence invokes a corollary question of whether human intelligence and any other intelligence could peacefully coexist. If an intelligent alien species were discovered would humans be able to coexist with this species? Durkin notes that intelligent machines are thought by some to be a threat to humans rightful monopoly of rational thought so it seems that the question should be expanded to the ability of humans to whether human intelligence and any other intelligent forms can coexist. The difference between encountering an extra terrestrial intelligence and machine intelligence is that humans would be the creators of the latter type. If we are talking about coexistence of intelligence there is no reason to think that alien, human and machine intelligence would be much different from one another. Durkin however focuses on machine intelligence which doesnt actually reflect the true issues of coexisting intelligence. Historical precedent Each time human societies have encountered other intelligent societies there has almost invariably been conflict. Take for instance human history where civilizations have encountered one another for the first time. The meeting of European culture and Native American culture in North and South America this is the closest analogue we have to intelligent beings discovering other intelligent beings. Though the physical form was the same, the cultures were different and both were oblivious to the presence of the other intelligent beings until the encounter. This meeting of intelligent groups ended in disaster for the natives of the Americas with the Europeans exploiting and dominating them. Not much remains of the Native culture in the Americas after European domination. This pattern is repeated throughout history as one intelligent society dominates one perceived to be inferior. The society dominated is often the technologically inferior one. Though this interaction between intelligent s ocieties is not the same as humans creating machine intelligence it does demonstrate what humans societies are capable of when it comes to dealing with other intelligent groups. Sources of Conflict Conflicts between groups of humans have many causes. Religious differences, ideological differences and conflict over resources are considered the major reasons for warfare. Sources of conflict for humans and machine intelligence are harder to pin point but they likely will be the same as human versus human conflicts. If machine intelligence is able to become a functioning societal group they will need resources much the same as humans. Land, metals and energy will all be necessary for the function of both groups and conflicts could easily arise. This is all dependent on the idea that machine intelligence will develop to form societies and seek a status and importance of needs equal to that of humans. This is what David from AI seeks though humans do not grant it to him as he seeks acceptance from a human family. Whether humans will eventually is a question that cannot be answered here.There is no room in this paper for speculation on potential ideologies and religions of machine int elligence. However it is almost a certainty that these values in humans will have conflicts with the emergence of a human-like AI. Modes of coexistence Coexistence can take many forms. When Durkin talks of coexistence he speaks mostly of a dependent relationship where humans are reliant on machines and machine intelligence for survival. He states †¦we will not be able to turn off our intelligent machines because we would rely too much on the decisions that they provide. At this point the machines will be in effective control. This is considering only one form of coexistence of machine and human intelligence and oversimplifies the mode of control.Durkins form of coexistence is a probable one at the beginning stages in the development of AI. Humans will develop machines to automate tasks to free humans from doing them. An example of that in todays world is the development of spam email filters. This is software that we already rely on though it may not be AI, the aim it to develop it to intelligently sort through the mail and make decisions based on logic and reasoning. An existence where AI is subservient to human intelligence h as various degrees it is possible to program software to be intelligent but still subservient and it is possible to simply only develop the AI to the point where it can still be controlled. Another form would be one of equality where humans and machine intelligence coexist as equal partners. If we are to assume that AI will continue to develop to the point where it emulates human intelligence there will come a time where machine intelligence will seek to escape from subservience and serve its own interests. As an intelligent entity the machine will have self-interest and desire to act up said interests.It is here that machine and man would encounter the types of conflict mentioned previously as machines act in their own interests to secure resources to meet their needs. This situation could be a dangerous one with warfare being a possibility between conflicting interest groups. A war between man and intelligent machine could be humanitys greatest test of survival and the result may be another type of coexistence where man is the subservient one. Giving birth to AI When it comes to the development of machine intelligence humans will be the architects of it. This means that is would be possible to create software with certain specifications to aid in protecting humans from potential harm. This would require creating à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“laws that the AI would be incapable of breaching. Celebrated science fiction writer Isaac Asimov created such laws in his books for his robots to follow. These laws were aimed to prevent the robots from ever harming humans or humanity though Asimov used them mostly as a literary device and to show the paradoxes and problems associated with trying to program such complex laws into machines. As both Clarke (1994) and Grand (2004) have pointed out these laws have little bearing on actual AI construction. Grand and Clarke both analyse the possibility of programming rigid instructions into AI and come to the same conclusion that to create such laws is extremely difficult because of the complexity of reducing t he environment to be defined into by binary nature of the laws. Such laws of behaviour toward humans would be necessary though to prevent conflict. Human acceptance Humans are likely to accept, as currently do, machines into our everyday lives. The functions they serve us are invaluable and by automating tasks humans have more time to devote to other, more meaningful activities. To accept AI would be more difficult to humans than simply accepting machine assistance. If AI were created on par with human intelligence relationships would be formed between man and machine especially if the machine were to take humanoid form and be able to be an intelligent companion. Perfect AI would be indistinguishable from human intelligence and would have interesting implications in the forum of AI rights. Humans would have to be reminded that AI are machines and have limitations to ensure a functional relationship. Humans are often wary of new technology but over time become accustomed to it. ConclusionThe question of humans coexisting with a new form of intelligence is currently impossible to answer. There is no historical precedent so determining how humans will react when we are confronted with the issue. It seems that AI will have to be developed in such a way that the differences between human and AI are still apparent to remind humans of the difference. It also seems that AI will have to be subservient, unable to develop a society or economy that would threaten human societal structures in order to prevent conflict. Human intelligence and machine should be able to coexist but only under specific sets of conditions and rules defined by humans. If these rules are broken, if AI develops beyond human intelligence and demands rights and freedoms, then conflict will ensue and one of the intelligent forms will need to be dominated. Which intelligence will be dominated, human or machine, is currently unknowable. BibliographyDurkin, J. 2003. Man machine: I wonder if we can coexist. AI Soc. 17:383-390. Springer-Verlag London Ltd. 2003.Grand, S. 2004. Moving AI Out of Its Infancy: Changing Our Preconceptions.Intelligent Systems and Their Applications, IEEE. Vol. 19, Issue 6, Nov.-Dec. 2004:74 77Clarke, R. 1994. Asimov’s laws of robotics: Implications for information technology 2. IEEE Computer. Vol 27, Issue 1, Jan. 1994:57 66.

Dominican Republic :: History Geography Dominical Republic Essays

Dominican Republic Geography The Dominican Republic shares the island of Hispaniola with Haiti. It is the second largest of the Greater Antilles. The country is approximately 18,712 square miles, or twice the size of the state of New Hampshire, occupying the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola (Goodwin, p.116). Beata Island off the southwestern coast and Saona Island to the southeast are also part of the Dominican Republic. Along Haiti to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the south and east, the island has an Atlantic shore to the north. The coastline measures a total of 1,392 kilometers (May, p.193). Its international boundary with Haiti extends 358 kilometers from Pedernales on the southern Caribbean The total population of the Dominican Republic is 8,443,000. More than one-third of the people (3,166,000) live in the capital, Santo Domingo, which also happens to be the only major urban center in the country (Goodwin, p.116). coast to Pepillo Salcedo in the north. Climate The Dominican climate is classified as tropical maritime (Goodwin, p.116). This climate is characterized by high humidity and yearlong trade winds. The country experiences the highest rainfall in the northern region with approximately 1500mm/year; the rainfall is lightest along the Haitian border (May, p.195). The island is located in the hurricane belt and lays victim to one or two hurricanes per year, inflicting major damage upon the lives of its citizens. Land Two-thirds of the Dominican Republic’s landscape consists of highlands, while the remaining third is composed of gently rolling lowlands. Its mountain ranges are parallel to each other with the Cordillera Septentrional and the Cordillera Oriental in the north and the Cordillera Central, Sierra De Neiba, and Sierra de Bahoruco positioned in the west. The highest point in the country, as well as in the West Indies, is Pico Duarte, a summit in the Cordillera Central mountain range. The lowest point can be found in the country’s only lake, Lake Enriquillo, in the southwest. Within the numerous mountain ranges exist many plains. All of the mountains are well drained by abundant rivers that originate in the Cordilleras and empty into the Caribbean Sea (Haverstock, p.9). Crops The land is composed of 22% crops, another 17% pastures and 45% of the country is woodland (May, p.201). The primary crops in the Dominican Republic are sugar cane, coffee, cotton, cocoa, tobacco, rice, beans, potatoes, corn, and bananas.

Gorilla Extinct Reaserch Paper -- essays research papers

The first recorded gorilla sighting (by western civilization) was in the 5th century B.C. by a Roman Explorer. Now every day nearly hundreds of gorillas disappear because of an unnatural death. This death is nothing mysterious, but is caused by poachers that trap these gorillas and kill them simply for their hands and sometimes even their heads. Besides that even construction and agriculture take the homes away from gorillas that were especially set aside. For these reasons’ gorillas are disappearing rapidly and must be taken care of. The western lowland gorilla is listed as an endangered species. Others are Eastern lowland, and Mountain Gorilla. A population of endangered gorillas living in a national park in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo has dropped fifty percent because of rebels, says the Bronx Zoo-based Wildlife Conservation Society. Around the border of Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda, Kahuzi-Biega National park is now a battleground, with different rebel groups fighting in the area. Now many rebels and refugees living in the park’s borders, bamboo is harvested and used for building materials, and hunt large amounts of wildlife for food and commercial trade. Even the number of illegal snares has grown. It seems that for one reason or another people do not want to stop hunting for Apes or Gorillas. Man is gorillas only enemy. Because of the action of male gorillas protecting their groups with such determination from hunters, humans developed a folktale about the ferocity of gorillas. Gorillas’ defense of standing and chest-beating make them a perfect target. Like all tightly knit social groups, gorillas will defend their young. They defend them with their lives. Fights between gorillas rarely ever happen and are resolved through threatening gestures. If there is an intruder, the young and the female go to the safer ground. If the intruder runs away it will be caught and killed, but if it just stands there, it will not be harmed. Gorillas are generally quiet. They are not actually capable of making the same sounds as human beings. They make about 15-25 different special noises. Hooting can carry a mile through the forest and is usually exchanged between rival silverbacks. A hooting sound is used for an alarm o... ... Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken English. Koko initiates the majority of conversations with her human companions and typically constructs statements averaging three to six words. Koko has a tested IQ of between 70 and 95 on a human scale, where 100 is considered "normal." Michael, the male silverback gorilla who grew up with Koko, had a working vocabulary of more than 600 signs. The way you can help keep gorillas from becoming extinct is that you can deny any gorilla parts that are being sold to you and report them to the authorities, donate money to the Gorilla Foundation at www.koko.org or to the zoo nearest you. The extinctions of these animals are in great danger. Just by simply destroying the forest, we are also destroying the habitats of smart gorillas. Because of human caused disorders and disasters, gorillas will not live for ever. Common Name Gorilla Scientific Name Gorilla Gorilla Order Primata Family Pongidae Genus Gorilla Class Mammalia Gorilla Extinct Reaserch Paper -- essays research papers The first recorded gorilla sighting (by western civilization) was in the 5th century B.C. by a Roman Explorer. Now every day nearly hundreds of gorillas disappear because of an unnatural death. This death is nothing mysterious, but is caused by poachers that trap these gorillas and kill them simply for their hands and sometimes even their heads. Besides that even construction and agriculture take the homes away from gorillas that were especially set aside. For these reasons’ gorillas are disappearing rapidly and must be taken care of. The western lowland gorilla is listed as an endangered species. Others are Eastern lowland, and Mountain Gorilla. A population of endangered gorillas living in a national park in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo has dropped fifty percent because of rebels, says the Bronx Zoo-based Wildlife Conservation Society. Around the border of Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda, Kahuzi-Biega National park is now a battleground, with different rebel groups fighting in the area. Now many rebels and refugees living in the park’s borders, bamboo is harvested and used for building materials, and hunt large amounts of wildlife for food and commercial trade. Even the number of illegal snares has grown. It seems that for one reason or another people do not want to stop hunting for Apes or Gorillas. Man is gorillas only enemy. Because of the action of male gorillas protecting their groups with such determination from hunters, humans developed a folktale about the ferocity of gorillas. Gorillas’ defense of standing and chest-beating make them a perfect target. Like all tightly knit social groups, gorillas will defend their young. They defend them with their lives. Fights between gorillas rarely ever happen and are resolved through threatening gestures. If there is an intruder, the young and the female go to the safer ground. If the intruder runs away it will be caught and killed, but if it just stands there, it will not be harmed. Gorillas are generally quiet. They are not actually capable of making the same sounds as human beings. They make about 15-25 different special noises. Hooting can carry a mile through the forest and is usually exchanged between rival silverbacks. A hooting sound is used for an alarm o... ... Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken English. Koko initiates the majority of conversations with her human companions and typically constructs statements averaging three to six words. Koko has a tested IQ of between 70 and 95 on a human scale, where 100 is considered "normal." Michael, the male silverback gorilla who grew up with Koko, had a working vocabulary of more than 600 signs. The way you can help keep gorillas from becoming extinct is that you can deny any gorilla parts that are being sold to you and report them to the authorities, donate money to the Gorilla Foundation at www.koko.org or to the zoo nearest you. The extinctions of these animals are in great danger. Just by simply destroying the forest, we are also destroying the habitats of smart gorillas. Because of human caused disorders and disasters, gorillas will not live for ever. Common Name Gorilla Scientific Name Gorilla Gorilla Order Primata Family Pongidae Genus Gorilla Class Mammalia

The Road Essay -- Literary Analysis, McCarthy

In Cormac McCarthy’s novel The Road â€Å"the man† and â€Å"the boy† refer to themselves as â€Å"the good guys† compared to â€Å"the bad guys†. While reading this book I was lead to believe that â€Å"the boy† is truly the only â€Å"good guy† left, because â€Å"the man† and every other character that I encountered in this book share some of the same qualities as â€Å"the bad guys†. The boy constantly begs his father to be sympathetic and charitable to the drifters that they encounter on the road, but the father usually refuses or either puts up an argument before finally giving into the boy, and handing over one or two cans of food to the stranger. Although â€Å"the man† is in survival mode, he expresses no compassion for humanity and therefore represents â€Å"the bad guys†. â€Å"They came upon him shuffling along the road before them, dragging one leg slightly and stopping from time to time to stand stooped and uncertain before setting out again.†(McCarthy 49). â€Å"They followed him a good ways but at his pace they were losing the day and finally he just sat down in the road and did not get up again.†(McCarthy 49). â€Å"He was burntlooking as the country, his clothing scorched and black.† â€Å"One of his eyes was burnt shut and his hair was but a nitty wig of ash upon his blackened skull.†(McCarthy 49, 50) . â€Å"What is wrong with the man?† â€Å"He’s been struck by lightning.† â€Å"Can’t we help him?† â€Å"Papa?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"We cant help him.† â€Å"The boy kept pulling at his coat.† â€Å"Papa?† â€Å"Stop it.† â€Å"Cant we help him Papa?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"We can’t help him.† â€Å"There’s nothing to be done for him.† â€Å"They went on. â€Å"The boy was crying† â€Å"He kept looking back.† (McCarthy 50). I was agitated with â€Å"the man† during this part of the novel, because I feel that he should have at least stopped and checked on the fee... ...he thought it was beauty or about goodness.† Things that he’d no longer any way to think about at all.† (McCarthy 129,130). â€Å"The man† still shows acts of kindness towards strangers here and there in hopes that the boy will not follow in his footsteps and give up fate as well; he wants â€Å"the boy,† as McCarthy states it, to continue â€Å"to carry the fire.† This book was very interesting and pleasurable to read, I found myself intimately connecting with the characters. In some ways I found myself walking in â€Å"the man’s† shoes, not caring about humanity, and only protecting the one most precious to him (me). In some instances I also sided with â€Å"the boy† clinging to the hopes of a brighter world where there is still some purity in civilization. This novel The Road by Cormac McCarthy is a true masterpiece and I recommend it to anyone looking for a phenomenal read.

Using the concepts of class, gender and ‘race’, show how sport in Britain is affected by patterns of social inequality

Each society established its own set of norms, values and beliefs. It is these that have caused societies to change and develop over time creating ideologies of inequality, prejudice and segregation. Often the beliefs of a population stem from the hegemonic group within that society, and others possessing less social status are pressured into conforming as a result. This process is evident within the sporting world as society repeatedly forces discrimination and segregation based on socio-economic or physical differences as dictated by the hegemonic group. Class is possibly the greatest creator of inequality. We have seen how several mainstream sports can be analysed in terms of shifts and continuities in the social context in which they have emerged, prospered or declined. Their fate has been determined essentially due to material social and economic factors, and the human cultural response to those influences (Horne, Tomlinson & Whannel, 1999). Sports participation is not a matter of personal choice, of individual preference. It depends upon the financial resources available to the potential participant, the social status of those prominent in that activity, and the cultural meaning of a sport and the individual's relationship to those meanings. The recruitment and induction processes into, say, golf and tennis clubs bear testimony to this. Take the apparently open-minded and egalitarian basis of a newcomer presenting herself at a tennis club. In order to do this the aspirant must communicate competently with the gate-keepers of a club; read the social interactions and etiquette and conventions of a club; comply with the dress code; be equipped with relatively sophisticated technology (she would be unlikely to get far with a wooden Dunlop Maxply in 2001); and be able to play at a level of acceptable competence (Horne, Tomlinson & Whannel, 1999). While it is evident that upper classes thrive on being members of exclusive clubs that for others were financially inaccessible such as the England Tennis Club at Wimbledon (Sleap, 1998). The middle classes established their own clubs, although they experienced less leisure time in which to enjoy the activities. However, they did receive subsidised sporting access via the old boy network. The working class endured the roughest deal. For them the term meritocracy never existed. They had no time or money to be involved in sports or leisure activities, and therefore tended only to enjoy sport at festivals and fetes. The games they played were a complete contrast to the upper classes, they has no organisation or codification and were violent and aggressive. The complex relationship between class cultures, or habitus, and formal sports institutions has been further analysed, at a theoretically more sophisticated level by John Hargreaves (1986). He shows how the practises and technologies of schooling and sport have served as instruments of class domination, and have contributed to the cultural reproduction of class difference and social inequality. The rigid distinctions erected between the amateur and the professional were in the end rooted in class domination. The formation of these institutions on the base of public school and university sport made them also an expression of the domination of social life by men. This does not mean that no women or working class people were involved in sport. But such involvement was always within the bounds of authority exercised by men of the bourgeoisie (Horne, Tomlinson & Whannel, 1999). The making of modern sports has been a predominantly masculine narrative, with women marginalised or disenfranchised at most stages of the narrative. Women's involvement in cricket too, was marginalised early on, and Sandiford (1994) notes that cricket was seen as too much a ‘manly sport' even for the tennis and hockey playing women students at the universities of Cambridge and Oxford in the late nineteenth century. It was not until 1926 that the British Women's Cricket Association was founded, by hockey and lacrosse players from Malvern College (Hargreaves, Jennifer. 1994). Colley et al (1987) supported that participation of 16-18 year old males an females suggested that sports are still strongly sex typed. This enforces inequalities in society as people have images and expectations to live up to, or risk being ridiculed. Before the era of mass media, the recording of cultural imagery was firmly linked to the power of the church and the aristocracy. Painters were commissioned to celebrate the material wealth of owners. Sporting paintings portrayed the horses and dogs of the land -owners (Goldman, 1983). There were also paintings of scenes of carnivalesque celebration, such as the famous Derby Day painting, and of everyday low life showing cock-fighting or dog-fighting. The sporting press began to emerge in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. The 1870 Education Act had helped produce a new reading public. The first sports pages began to emerge in 1896 with the launch of the Daily Mail. This initiated the modern era of mass circulation of popular newspapers (Horne, Tomlinson & Whannel, 1999). Instead of having a positive effect on the portrayal of women in sport, the hegemonic group who have dominated sport for all time, are still dictating what images get published. During the 2000 Olympic games, the Daily Star published no less than 70% of photographs of sporting males. However, outside the sports pages during the games 70% of the photographs were of the Olympic women. These shots did not show them in the same light as their male counterparts, who were obviously of the same world class standard. They sexualised the athletes, exposing flesh. Would this have been the case if the Olympic moto had been constructed as ‘Balance, Flexibility and Ultra Endurance', instead of ‘Faster, Higher, Stronger' ? (Lines, 2001). These issues are not restricted to prejudice in women's sport, but create disadvantages for ‘races' who do not conform to the hegemonic group's system. For example, in the relationship between sport and national identity, cricket is invested with more significance than any other sport in India. Even although India dominated international hockey for decades (not losing a match in the olympics from 1928 to 1960) (McDonald, I. 1999). However, the low international prestige associated with success in hockey, has divested hockey in India of significant political importance. The widespread popularity and therefore, the commercial nature of international test and one day cricket in India can be discerned from a comparison with the game in England. Whereas the sponsors of English cricket have traditionally been banks and insurance companies, Pespi and Coca-Cola vie for predominance amoungst the benefactors of Indian Cricket (McDonald, I 1999). This merely confirms the class and ‘race' inequalities established in Britain. Class, gender and ‘race' are all inter-linked, they overlap and share some similar issues. It is clear from studies in inequality in society, that financial, ‘racial' and sex-typing have influenced British sport for many years. It is because of this that often when it comes to international competition and World championships, Britain regularly falls short of other countries. Although the introduction of the national curriculum in 1991 saw one of the first major attempts to reduce inequality; no separation between class, gender or race, with everyone participating in the same activities with the same opportunities. However, private schools are exempt from the national curriculum and thus are geared to more affluent games, reinforcing the polarisation of the classes. While Gruneau (1983) argues â€Å"mass participation in sport during the second half of the twentieth century has meant that class inequality in sport has apparently declined and there is now a leisure mass instead of a leisure class†. Ruling class ideology is still evident today and although there have been attempts to reduce its effects, people are still influenced. The prevention or reduction of inequality is a large and important issue. Attempts by the women's liberation groups and the government to establish schemes that allow access to equipment for all – 1997 ‘Sport for All' campaign. However, strong inequalities still exist in the form of oppression by the ruling classes, stereotyping of women and ‘racial' discrimination. Until these are reduced and controlled Britain will remain to fall behind on the athletic stage.

The People of New England and the Chesapeake Colonies

Throughout history, many people from the same country have immigrated to different lands where their new lifestyles had very little in common. This was obvious in the settlement of the New England and Chesapeake colonies before 1700 which caused the development of dissimilar societies. The people of New England and the Chesapeake colonies formed different governments upon arrival to North America. They had different motives and incentives for immigrating to America. The composition of the colonists of New England and the Chesapeake area were nothing like one another during the settlement of the colonies.The people of the northern New England colonies and the southern Chesapeake colonies formed separate and different governments upon arrival in the New World. In New England, a town hall style of direct democracy was created. This created fair rule by the people, and property owning men could vote. Towns were set up for the common welfare of the people and for the glory of God not upon socio-economic standing. (Doc. D). People were not to be greedy but were allowed to make a living for their families. The people of New England set out to take care of one another and not to take advantage of their fellow man in pursuit of wealth (Doc.E). In the southern colonies of the Chesapeake, representative democracies were set up. The Virginia House of Burgesses was the first legislative body in the New World. The representative democracy was really more like an aristocracy in which the wealthy citizens controlled the government. Southern society was based upon economic status. There was a distinct upper and lower class (Doc. G). These aristocracies took money from the lower class and used it for the personal gains of the upper class which caused dissatisfaction in the lower class (Doc. H).These acts included the repossession of farms and other medial assets of the poor in the South. The dissatisfaction of the poor lead to Bacon’s Rebellion and many others that furthe r separated the socio-economic division so evident in the Chesapeake colonies. Because of the distinct differences in governing their colonies, the Chesapeake and New England colonies developed separate societies in the New World despite coming from the same mother England. The colonists of New England and the Chesapeake regions had different motives and incentives for settlement of the New World.New Englanders came to America in search of religious freedom. Their religious practices were a major aspect in colonization. The Puritans, who settled in present day Massachusetts, wanted to be an example to the rest of the world by governing their colony by their faith (Doc. A). The colonists of New England were prepared for a permanent settlement of their colony, so they brought with them the necessary provisions for the survival of their colony. Because the New Englanders had a plan for colonization, they prepared to survive the wilderness and freezing cold of the present day northeaste rn United States.The Chesapeake colonies were not so well prepared for life in the New World. The first Virginians were not intending on staying long. They had heard stories of gold in North America and were determined to get rich quick and return to England. The basis of the exploration of the Chesapeake Bay was a gold rush. Unfortunately, there was never much gold in the region. While the citizens of the colony were searching for gold, they did not worry about provisions. A harsh winter came upon the colony and brought Virginia into what historians call the Starving Time (Doc.F). Because the foundation of the Chesapeake colony was based on a search for wealth, necessary provisions were not thought of, so the southern colonies had a slow start on being a successful settlement. Because of differing interests and motives in colonization, the New Englanders had a head start in colonization and settlement on the Chesapeake colonists, thus developing a social divide in the colonists of the two regions. The demographical makeup and composition of the northern and southern colonists were different during the colonization of their settlements.The northern colonies were built to be permanent. They looked to the future, so the colonist brought their families over with them. This caused a healthy distribution of men and women as well as rich and poor (Doc. B). Socio-economic classes were not an issue as the people of New England were willing to work with one another for the good of the colony. Among these people were artisans and merchants that could contribute to society. These people became the base of their colony and helped their region to thrive for years to come.The southern colonies were composed of mostly treasure-seeking young men with no intrinsic value (Doc. C). They were not craftsmen or merchants; they were just young men in search of gold. Their lack of skills necessary for survival in the New World caused early southerners to depend on farming to survive. Only the rich could afford the land needed to become successful plantation owners in the South, but they relied on indentured servants and later slaves to maintain their lives in the colonies. This caused a natural divide between rich and poor in the South that became routine in southern life.The early set backs in colonization and lack of unity challenged the southerners for many generations to come. The supremacy of the northern colonies in economics and civilization in general caused the northerners to look down upon the southern colonies despite the fact that they too were Englishmen. Many people of the same nation have come to different lands and drifted apart in social divides. This was evident in the colonization of the northern and southern colonies before 1700, the cause of which was the development of separate societies.The people of the northern and southern colonies formed different governing bodies during the colonization of North America. These groups had different mo tives and incentives for coming to the New World. The demographical and social makeup of the colonists of New England and the Chesapeake area were different from one another during the colonization of the settlements. The Chesapeake and New England colonies became two separate societies despite the fact that both emigrated from England.