Prior (2004) Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000 Book Analysis

Prior (2004) Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000 Book Analysis Farzan Babaei S5030791 Article name: Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000: Fight for Civic Acceptance and Experiences Beyond the Threshold Article Source: PhD thesis, School of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of New South Wales Article Author and Year: Jason Hugh Prior (2004) Citation: Prior, J. H. (2004). Sydney gay saunas 1967-2000: Fight for civic acceptance and experiences beyond the threshold (Doctoral thesis). School of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia. Introduction and Research Questions Jason Prior is an established researcher particularly in the field of spatial governance and its relation to sexuality, religion, and health and wellbeing. In his PhD thesis titled Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000: Fight for Civic Acceptance and Experiences Beyond the Threshold (year), he attempts to shed light on Sydneys gay saunas through two key questions. The first relates to how the gay sauna transitioned from a clandestine operation to a legally recognized and accepted institution considered important within particular environs of the city. The second concerns how the dynamic public domain of the gay sauna contributed to the development of gay culture in the city by fostering the opportunity of collective and individual homosexual expression. Part 1 of Study Methodology and Results In the first part of the study, utilizing his background in urban sociology, planning, and legal geography, Prior draws heavily upon the works of Knopp (1995,1998) and Castells (1983) as a conceptual framework. He uses empirical examination and analysis of documents (including development applications, archival documents, legal records, civic authority records, government gazettes, law reports, records of police raids, government acts, newspaper and magazine articles, and twenty-nine in-depth interviews) as a research methodology, to understand the process of acceptance of gay saunas in Sydneys civic society. Using these data, he traces the history of these establishments from 1967 to 2000. The first gay saunas existed through subterfuge and public charades by disguising themselves from the largely homophobic society as gyms and fitness centres. Through the years that followed, change in legislation which led to the decriminalisation of homosexuality set the stage for the emergence o f the gay sauna into public view and their partial acceptance by civic authorities. Although the emergence of AIDS added a layer of complexity to the process, it led to new alliances between the gay community, medicine and the state government. These alliances played a major role in the eventual acceptance of the gay sauna by civic authorities, judiciary, and citizens as not just social but also sexual institutions. Prior argues that this transformation was possible through the conjunction of greater understanding and acceptance of homosexuality by the general community, the mobilisation of gay activists and the broader radicalism of the 1960s and 70s, and the emergence of enlightened processes by council bureaucracies and the judiciary. Part 2 of Study Methodology and Results Priors background in architecture comes into use in the second part of the study where he examines through an empirical analysis (analysis of the material features of the built form, and twenty-nine in-depth interviews), how the evolving social spaces of Sydneys gay saunas allowed men to develop and experience individual and collective sexual identities and practices. In describing the dynamic nature of these spaces Prior identifies three stages of evolution. The first and most basic/rudimentary stage started with the establishment of the the Bondi Junction Steam Bath, Sydneys first gay sauna. Here the aim was to providing a safe space where men could temporarily escape from the city outside, with a focus on the threshold to protect patrons from the largely homophobic world outside. The second involved the shift of focus from the threshold to the development of the domain, into the creation of a space that was more socially, sexually, and psychology enabling for the expression of hom osexuality. This golden age of the saunas aligned with the gay liberation movement. The last stage focuses on the redesign of the domain into a safe sex venue to cope with the new experience of sexuality that AIDS awareness evoked. These stages involved changes to the physical realm of the saunas, which in turn affected the type of sexual activity that took place. Critical Review/ Contextualization within other works Priors well-structured and comprehensive study fills a gap in the existing literature by adding to the largely unexplored realm of gay bathhouses in the Australian context. In describing the history of these establishments, he continually draws parallels between the United States and Australia which provides readers with a broader perspective, and highlights the uniqueness of this particular context. The first part of the study which deals with the sexualisation of urban space is contextualized within the body of works of Foucault (1990), Castells, and Knopp, while the second part of the study which concerns how designed sexual environments affect sexual practises fits within the works of Brodsky (1993), Rubin (1991), and Tattelman (1999). Priors work also contributes to the broader topic of studies specifically on gay saunas. The latter includes ethnographies particularly in the american context (Weinberg Williams, 1975; Styles, 1979; Chauncey, 1994), the study of saunas from a more architectural perspective where alternate design possibilities and concepts of queer space are explored (Tattelman, 2000; Betsky, 1997), and more recently, studies on AIDS prevention research (Bolton, Vincke, Mak, 1994; Binson Woods, 2003; Lyons, Smith, Grierson, Doussa, 2010). Link to my Research The inter-relation between sexual culture, the built-form, and the social/sexual relations that forms the core of Priors work, is a theme that I want to carry forward and build onto in my research. Specifically, I am interested in looking at how social and sexual relations have changed in the bathhouse due to technologies in the 21st century such as PrEP, internet, and dating apps and how this in turn has affected the physical and social environs of the baths. The main aim of the authors research was to examine the social and political forces which contributed to the acceptance of gay saunas by Sydneys civic society. To answer this research question, he provides an in-depth description of the material (and immaterial) aspects of gay saunas in Sydney from the first gay sauna in 1967 to the year 2000, outlining distinct stages of evolution in the form/use of these structure. This data will form an important benchmark for my research which will explore the possible formation of a new architectural typology in the 21st century. The fact that this study, along with the work of Richters (2007), is one of the few literary works offering a detailed description of Sydneys baths, including floor plans and advertisements in the gay press, makes it the single most important source for my research. References Betsky, A. (1997). Queer Space: Architecture and Same-Sex Desire (1st edition). New York: William Morrow. Binson, D., Woods, W. J. (2003). A Theoretical Approach to Bathhouse Environments. Journal of Homosexuality, 44(3-4), 23-31. Bolton, R., Vincke, J., Mak, R. (1994). Gay Baths Revisited: An Empirical Analysis. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 1(3), 255-273. Brodsky, J. I. (1993). The Mineshaft: A Retrospective Ethnography. Journal of Homosexuality, 24(3-4), 233-252. Castells, M. (1983). The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. London: Edward Arnold. Chauncey, G. (1995). Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (unknown edition). New York: Basic Books. Foucault, M. (1990). The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1: An Introduction. (R. Hurley, Trans.) (Reissue edition). New York: Vintage. Knopp, L. (1995). Sexuality and Urban Space: A Framework for Analysis. In David Bell and Gill Valentine (Eds.), Mapping Desire: Geographies of Sexualities (pp. 149-161). London and New York: Routledge. Knopp, L. (1998). Sexuality and Urban Space: Gay Male Identity Politics in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. In Ruth Fincher and Jane M. Jacobs (Eds.), Cities of Difference (pp. 149-176). New York: The Guilford Press. Lyons, A., Smith, A. M. A., Grierson, J. W., Doussa, H. von. (2010). Australian mens sexual practices in saunas, sex clubs and other male sex on premises venues. Sexual Health, 7(2), 186-192. Prior, J. H. (2004). Sydney gay saunas 1967-2000: Fight for civic acceptance and experiences beyond the threshold (Doctoral thesis). School of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of New South Wales. Richters, J. (2001). The Social Construction of Sexual Practice: Setting Sexual Culture and the Body in Casual Sex Between Men. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Rubin, G. (1991). The Catacombs: A Temple of the Butthole. In Mark Thomson (Ed.), Leatherfolk: Radical Sex, People, Politics, and Practice (pp. 119-141). Boston: Alyson Publications. Styles, J. (1979). Outsider/Insider: Researching Gay Baths. Urban Life, 8(2), 135-152. Tattelman, I. (1999). Speaking to the Gay Bathhouse: Communicating in Sexually Charged Spaces. In W. L. Leap (Ed.), Public Sex/ Gay Space (pp. 71-94). New York: Columbia University Press. Tattelman, I. (2000). Presenting a Queer (Bath) House. In J. A. Boone, M. Dupuis, M. Meeker, K. Quimby, C. Sarver, D. Silverman, R. Weatherston, Queer Frontiers: Millennial Geographies, Genders, and Generations (pp. 222-258). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J. (1975). Gay Baths and the Social Organization of Impersonal Sex. Social Problems, 23(2), 124-136.

Democracies and Success in War Essay example -- Government War Democra

Democracies and Success in War Introduction Democratic governments have spread quickly around the world since the end of the Cold War and fall of the Soviet Union. Democracy has become one of the most desired regime types amongst states and is contributed to fostering wealth, stability, and even peace. Dan Reiter and Allan Stam argue that democracies are the most successful in war or military combat. In their book, Democracies at War, Stam and Reiter argue that after observing conflicts since the 1800’s, democratic governments tend to be more selective in choosing conflicts to participate in and democracies also have a propensity to win more often than authoritarian regimes. The purpose of this paper is to present a case study to test if democracies fight better wars. The paper will examine Stam and Reiter’s four propositions presented in their book and test the two propositions, political culture and political structure, that the authors suggest have a significant impact on democracies and the outcome of war. There are no previous intense case studies that have been performed over democracies and their success in wartime situations. Since only brief examples of case studies have been performed in previous literature, this paper will contribute to the discussion by presenting an intense case study on Israel during the Six Day War in 1967 and Yom Kippur War in 1979. For Stam and Reiter to be correct in their assessments over democracies high success rate in war, political culture and political structure must be found internally within Israel during the time period of these two conflicts. To be able to identify political structure and culture I have proposed a few variables that should be present wit... ...d freely choose to participate in both conflicts. However, the enormous threat by the Arab states, not only in these wars but since independence, were so overwhelming that Israelis had no choice but to fight or risk genocide thus giving merit to Desch’s argument. Democracy is winning out on all accounts and continues to grow, while authoritarian regimes, by choice or force, are dwindling on the world stage. Further research on Stam and Reiter’s claims should be tested, along with other arguments from democratic theorist. I suggest that an alternative case study be performed concerning a successful authoritarian regime to test claims of realist and institutionalist. A study of this nature coupled with research such as this paper presents can be compared and evaluated to obtain a firmer grasp on regime type and success in war.

Oh the Possibilities! :: Teachers Teaching Education Essays

Oh the Possibilities! Whether we know it or not, throughout life many people mold and shape our lives. These are the people that make us who we are today. I am simply talking about one person in particular, a teacher. Teachers’ change lives every day without even sometimes realizing it. Erich Fromm said it best when he stated, â€Å"Education is helping the child realize his potentialities.† Knowing that I could have a positive effect on a child’s life is the main reason for my teaching career. In this paper, I will explain why I want to teach, my educational goals, and the philosophy that I will use during my teaching career. From my grade school years, I had always thought of being a pediatrician. Even during my senior year while filling out my college application, my major would be Pre-Med Biology. However, it was during that same year that I started teaching for the Wednesday night youth group at my church. Although it was very informal teaching, I knew that I had a knack for it. I also started teaching 5 ladies piano lessons during my senior year. One by one, they would tell me how wonderful I would be at teaching. But I will still very unsure about the whole idea. After that year of teaching, I knew that teaching was what I wanted to do for the rest of my life. Education plays a vital role in our society. Becoming a teacher is not a fashionable choice by our society, but it is crucial. Many people claim that the teaching profession doesn’t pay enough and are quickly unenthusiastic to enter the field. Is changing the life of one child at a time not enough? Another common misconception the public has about teaching is that bright people should enter another profession. When I finally decided that teaching was what I wanted to do with my life, I was told so many times that I needed to do something that would benefit my life. I was too smart to be a teacher. My reply was always, â€Å"Who taught the doctor the human anatomy?† Who taught the lawyer about the ways of the law? Oh the Possibilities! :: Teachers Teaching Education Essays Oh the Possibilities! Whether we know it or not, throughout life many people mold and shape our lives. These are the people that make us who we are today. I am simply talking about one person in particular, a teacher. Teachers’ change lives every day without even sometimes realizing it. Erich Fromm said it best when he stated, â€Å"Education is helping the child realize his potentialities.† Knowing that I could have a positive effect on a child’s life is the main reason for my teaching career. In this paper, I will explain why I want to teach, my educational goals, and the philosophy that I will use during my teaching career. From my grade school years, I had always thought of being a pediatrician. Even during my senior year while filling out my college application, my major would be Pre-Med Biology. However, it was during that same year that I started teaching for the Wednesday night youth group at my church. Although it was very informal teaching, I knew that I had a knack for it. I also started teaching 5 ladies piano lessons during my senior year. One by one, they would tell me how wonderful I would be at teaching. But I will still very unsure about the whole idea. After that year of teaching, I knew that teaching was what I wanted to do for the rest of my life. Education plays a vital role in our society. Becoming a teacher is not a fashionable choice by our society, but it is crucial. Many people claim that the teaching profession doesn’t pay enough and are quickly unenthusiastic to enter the field. Is changing the life of one child at a time not enough? Another common misconception the public has about teaching is that bright people should enter another profession. When I finally decided that teaching was what I wanted to do with my life, I was told so many times that I needed to do something that would benefit my life. I was too smart to be a teacher. My reply was always, â€Å"Who taught the doctor the human anatomy?† Who taught the lawyer about the ways of the law?

Strategic Plan Outline

UNIVERSITY OF BELIZE MGMT 490 – BUSINESS STRATEGY AND POLICY How to Structure The Strategic Plan Guidelines Executive Summary This is written to the scope and level of content that an â€Å"outsider† can read the summary and grasp the vision, mission of the organization, its overall goals and objectives, major strategic issues and the key strategies implemented to attain the goals. Section 1 – Current situation 1. Brief Background and History of the Company and the Industry 2. Strategic Posture: Current Mission, Current Vision Current Values Current Objectives Current Strategies Current Policies 3. Past Strategic Performance Indicators (if available): Market share Sales Growth Net Profit Margin Return on Equity Investment Other? (Depending on the type of business/industry) Section 2 – External Environment, Opportunities and Threats (EFAS) 2. 1 General Environment (PEST, Gap Analysis, etc) 2. 2 Task Environment (Porters five forces, Strategic Map) 2. 3 External Factor Analysis Summary Section 3 – Internal Environment, Strengths and Weaknesses (IFAS) 3. 1Value Chain analysis . 2Corporate Structure 3. 3Corporate Resources: Marketing Finance Human Resource Operations and Logistics Information Systems 3. 4Internal Factor Analysis Summary Section 4 – Competitive Strength Assessment based on Key Success Factors Quality/product performanceCustomer Service Capability Reputation/imageOther? Manufacturing capability Technological skills and know-how Dealer/distribution capability New product innovation capabili ty Financial resources Relative cost position Section 5 – Analysis of Major Strategic Factors SFAS . 1 Key Internal and External Factors (SWOT) 5. 2 Competitive advantages/disadvantages, Competitive position improving/slipping 5. 2 Review of Mission and Objectives Section 6 – Alternatives and Recommendations 1. Strategic Alternatives 2. Recommended Strategies Section 7 – Implementation Plan for new strategies recommended Section 8 – Evaluation and Control Plan for new strategies implemented Section 9 – Financial data and Analysis – Includes information on resources to finance the implementation of the Strategic Plan APPENDICES BIBLIOGRAPHY THE PRESENTATION OF THE PLAN Time Allowed: 30 minutes Presentation should be as follows: a) Brief History of Company (Section 1) b) Current Situation (Section -1) c) External Environment Opportunities and Threats (Section 2) d) Internal Environment Strengths and Weaknesses (Section 3 e) Analysis of major strategic factors, strategic alternatives and recommended strategies (including financial analysis) (Sections 5, 6 & 9)- 15 minutes Question and Answer Session

Epidemiology Of Childhood Obesity Health And Social Care Essay

This brings me to the Epidemiology of puerility Obesity. One of the major(ip)(ip) wellness jobs that plague the United St consumes is Childhood obesity. Since the 1980 the tickers of shavers who guide back been considered fleshiness have been at an dismaying ride and the prevalence among kids reduce the stairs the age of 12 has oft than doubled. Harmonizing to the 1999-2002 matter wellness Association ( NHA ) study, 16 per centum of kids ages 6-19 ageing ages atomic number 18 sarcoid. The major population that seems to be plagued by barbarianhood fleshiness ar minority population. NHA found that African American and Mexican American striplings ages 12-19 were much probable to be all over cargo, A than non-Hispanic White childishs.A The contrariety of universe overweight in the adolescences has been the major subscriber to a high school impale of developing high cholesterin, high birth pressure, respiratory complaints, orthopaedic jobs, depression and shea th 2 Diabetes as a young person person. One disease of peculiar affect is Type 2 Diabetes. Due to these addition in negative wellness behaviours The hospital costs totally associated with puerility fleshiness were estimated at $ 127 million during 1997-1999 ( in 2001 invariable U.S. dollars ) , up from $ 35 million during 1979-1981 ( plane section of wellness and homophile Services, 2010, p 1 )The epidemiology triangle long-run effects of creation an fleshy stripling is that in that location is a 70 % opportunity of them passing game overweight or corpulent grownups and 80 % if maven or much p atomic number 18nt in the place A is fleshy or corpulent. When fleshiness in childhood fall over into maturity, it increases the hazard of diabetes, high origin force per unit bea, high cholesterin, asthma, arthritis, and a general hapless wellness position. In 2000, the inviolate cost of fleshiness for kids and grownups in the United States was estimated to be $ 117 billio n where $ 61 billion atomic number 18 direct aesculapian costs ( The World and I, 2006 ) .Childhood fleshiness has many a(prenominal) discovering factors.A The n premature nifty factor that causes childhood fleshiness ar A wish of carnal use, blebby feeding, genetic sciences and societal factors, socio-economic position, race/ethnicity, media and selling, and the strong-arm milieu atomic number 18 to a fault impart factors to child toughie fleshiness. ( Kumanyika, 2008 ) .In general, kids and striplings be take in more foodsA at unfluctuating intellectual nourishment eating houses than they atomic number 18 eating at place, imbibing more syrupy absorbables, and specklee on more inflamed nutrients like french friess and french friess often. This readjustment is contri scarcelyed to the American demand for Convenience. This is taking more people to devour speedy serve or eating house repasts or to purchasing microwavable ready-to-eat, menial cost, rapi dly br separately repasts to fix at place. The nutritionary musical composition of kids s diets each bit cracking as the cypher of Calories consumed is of involvement to find the consequence of nutrient white plague on childhood fleshiness. In relation, part sizes change magnitude in the midst of 1977 and 1996. Average part sizes increase for salty bites from 1.0 troy ounces to 1.6 ounces and for soft drinks from 12.2 ounces to 19.9 ounces. A downstairs shows the major alteration in nutrient parts, which has contributed to the major factors of fleshiness ( section of health and Human Services, 2010, p 1 )AAAFigure 2 similitude of Vegetable Helpings, 1999-2000Figure 3 Proportion of Grain Servings, 1999-2000 occupation Children 2-19 old ages.Beginning interior(a) wellness and Nutrition Examination Survey, NCHS, CDC.Note Children 2-19 old ages.Beginning National wellness and Nutrition Examination Survey, NCHS, CDC.A new(prenominal) surveies indicate that kids are non eating the recommended helpings of nutrients have in the USDA nutrient profit and that thither have been important alterations in the types of drinks that kids are ruin.iA A A A A A A A Me blaspheme 21 per centum of immature people eat the recommended five s faintheartedly or more helpings of fruits and veggies each xxiv hours. As shown in figure 2, near half of all vegetable helpings are fried murphies.iA A A A A A A A Percent entire energy from gamy really fall amid 1965 and 1996 for kids, from 39 to 32 per centum for entire fat, and 15 to 12 per centum for turn fat. iA A A A A A A A In 1994-1996, adolescent misss and boys merely consumed 12 and 30 per centum, severally, of the intellectual nourishment Guide benefit s helping recommendations for dairy and 18 and 14 per centum, severally, of the helping recommendations for fruit. iA A A A A A A A tonic water ingestion increase radically in the early to mid-1990s. Thirty-two per centum of adolescent misss and 52 % of ad olescent male childs consume trinity or more eight ounce helpings of soda per twenty- quaternary hours. Soft drink ingestion for stripling male childs has intimately tripled, from seven to 22 ounces per twenty-four hours ( 1977-1978 to 1994 ) . Children both bit immature as seven months old are devouring sodium carbonateiA A A A A A A A Milk ingestion has declined during the same period. In 1977-78, kids age 6-11 drank four clock every bit much milk as any other drink. In 1994-1996 that decreased to 1.5 times every bit much milk as prick sweetened drinks. In 1977-1978, striplings drank 1.5 times every bit much milk as any other drink and in 1996 they consumed twice every bit much sugar sweetened drinks as milk. Milk ingestion decreased for adolescent male childs and misss 37 and 30 % severally, between 1965, and 1996. ( incision of wellness and Human Services, 2010 ) .This interrogation showsA thatA the lessening in existent carnal activity and the addition in nutrient co nsumption is the major subscriber to childhood fleshiness. Physical activity tendency entropys for kids are limited, but cross sectional informations indicates that atomic number 53 tierce of striplings are non having recommended degrees of centrist or vigorous activity, 10 % are entirely inactive, and somatogenetic activity degrees fall as stripling s age ( Booth, Murphy, Phongsavan, salmon & A Timperio, 2007 ) .A A A A A A A A A Americans need for watching video, utilizing the computing machine, and playing video games use up a big per centum of kids s blank preen, which are act uponing their physical activity degrees. It is estimated that kids in the United States are personnel casualty 25 % of their waking hours watching tv and statistically, kids who watch the closely hours of telecasting have the highest incidence of fleshiness ( discussion section of wellness and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . This tendency is evident and a major hazard factor to child goon fle shiness because while the inactive activity of watching Television and moving picture games normally involves the composing of repasts high in fat.Along with the dietetical alterations that affects child goon fleshiness schools are besides lending to the job by diminishing the sum of free drama or physical activity that kids receive during school hours. thither are merely a tertiary of American simple schools, al moo kids to hold day-to-day physical instruction, and merely a 5th of the simple schools have extracurricular actives for the kids to take part in. Daily allowance in physical instruction categories among high school pupils decreased from 42 % in 1991 to 25 % in 1995, later change magnitude somewhat to 28 % in 2003 ( segment of Health and Human Services, 2010, p 1 ) . Experts have looked progressively to the physical purlieu as a driver in the rapid addition of fleshiness in the United States. In urban countries, unconditi iodind for out-of-door diversion can be scarce, forestalling kids from possessing a protected topographical point to play. Neighborhood offense, unattended genus Canis familiariss, or deficiency of street illume may besides suppress kids from being able to walk safely out-of-doorss and supple traffic can hinder commuters from pass or bicycling to work as a agency of day-to-day exercising. though few surveies are available on the direct effects of the physical purlieu on physical activity, there are marks of the assertable for betterment, evidenced by Toronto s 23 % addition in bike usage after the supplementation of motorcycle lanes, and London s nerve tract usage addition within the place setting of 34-101 % ( depending on location ) as a consequence of improved lighting there has been less search on the family between the physical environment and physical activity for kids than for grownups nevertheless the findings for kids appear to be consistent with those of the grownup population. The per centum of tr ips to school that kids walked declined from 20 % in 1977 to 12 % in 2001. Because kids happen a significant sum of clock time going to and from school, this may be an country in which to integrate and increase physical activity into kids s day-to-day wonts ( surgical incision of Health and Human Services, 2010, p 1 )Surveies suggest that parental nutrient penchants sequent influence and form those of their kids. In a spate by Oliveria and co-workers, they reported that parents who ate diets high in concentrated fats besides had kids who ate diets high in concentrated fats ( Birch & A Fisher, 1998 ) . It is suspected that this placard is non simply due to the nutrients parents feed their kids, but instead due to the penchants kids develop by dint of moving picture to nutrients that their parents take to eat in their lives. Birch and Fisher postulate that exposure to fruits and veggies and nutrients high in energy, sugar and fat may play an of import liaison in set uping a pecking order of nutrient penchants and choice in childs. new(prenominal) surveies have showed that when parents eat fruits and veggies and they are promptly available the penchants for kids to wantA such(prenominal) an point as a pick of bite are increased ( surgical incision of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) research workers besides indicate that the societal context in which a kid is introduced to or has experiences with nutrient is instrumental in determining nutrient penchants the feeding environment that a kid is involved in will find the feeding standard the kid will do in his or her life-time ( Birch, 2006 ) . For many kids, feeding is a societal event that frequently times occurs in the presence of parents, other grownups, one-time(a) siblings and equalises. Children typically observe the behaviours and penchants of others in their milieus. This becomes the procedure theoretical accounts. Children observation in blebby eating wonts and behaviours have bro ught a rise in childhood weight jobs ( segment of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . Several possible mechanisms have been proposed to make grow this phenomenon including the followersiA A A A A A A A Constraints on parent s clip potentially contribute to kids s weight jobs, as working parents likely rely more to a great extent than non-working parents on prepared, processed, and fast nutrients, which by and oversize have high Calorie, high fat, and low nutritionary content.iA A A A A A A A Children left unattended after school may do hapless nutritionary picks and prosecute in more sedentary activities.iA A A A A A A A child care suppliers may non post as many chances for physical activity and may offer less alimentary nutrient options.iA A A A A A A A Unsupervised kids may pass a great trade of clip indoors, maybe because of safety concerns, watching Television or playing video games instead than prosecuting in more active out-of-door chases. ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010 ) .In short, the young societal and economic alterations in American society have encouraged unsound wonts of extra ingestion. These alterations have influenced the nutrients available in the places, the grade of influence parents have when kids restrain believe nutrient choices and has led to additions in sedentary behaviours among young person ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 )A Finally there has been a big argument over whether or non overexposure to nutrient advertisement has increased the incidence rates of childhood fleshiness. Although there has been a positive correlativity between the hours of telecasting viewed, organic organize vision index, and fleshiness incidence has been documented, the exact mechanisms through with(predicate) which this occurs are still being investigated. It has been estimated that the think about kid presently views more than 40,000 commercials on telecasting each twelvemonth, a hunker down addition from 20,000 in the seventiess ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . Furthermore, an accrued organic structure of research reveals that more than 50 per centum of telecasting advertizements directed at kids promote nutrients and drinks such as confect, convenience nutrients, bite nutrients, sugar sweetened drinks and sweetened breakfast cereals that are high in Calories and fat and low in fibre and alimentary denseness. The statistics on nutrient advertisement to kids indicate thatiA A A A A A A A Annual gross revenues of nutrients and drinks to immature consumers exceeded $ 27 billion in 2002.iA A A A A A A A Food and drink advertizers jointly spend $ 10 to $ 12 billion yearly to make kids and young person more than $ 1 billion is spent on media advert to kids ( chiefly on telecasting ) more than $ 4.5 billion is spent on youth-targeted prevalent dealingss and $ 3 billion is spent on packaging designed for kids.iA A A A A A A A sporting nutrient mer cantile establishments spend $ 3 billion in telecasting ads targeted to kids ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) .Available research shows that there are a figure of root causes of fleshiness in kids. Choosing one or two chief causes or indispensable factors is following to impossible inclined the present-day(prenominal) information because the possible influences of fleshiness have many interlacing factors. in that location are big mobilizes in experience and research, which is restricting the ability to nail a peculiar cause and find the most effectual ways to battle childhood obesity. Another research spread stems from deficiency of a perspective longitudinal survey that links dietetic and other behaviour forms to development of fleshiness. Another complication of current informations is that there is a demand for more precise and dependable steps of dietetic consumption and activity degrees, as star callback of events and diet are non the most reliable beginnings for information ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) .When believing approximately early bar of fleshiness, it is indispensable that more is mute about how genetic sciences is involved and how the cistrons are triggered or respond to environmental alterations and stimulation. Research is merely get downing to explicate how gustatory sensation penchants develop, their biochemical underpinnings and how this information may be utile in controling childhood weight addition ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p 1 ) .Primary bar is non an option for many kids who are already fleshy. Research on successful intercessions for kids who are fleshy or at hazard of going overweight is highly of import to cut down efficaciously childhood fleshiness in this state ( Maternal and Child Health Library, 2008 ) . Generally, research has merely begun to rub the find in clarifying the causes of fleshiness in kids. Filling in the cognition spread will take cli p, as implementing some of the survey designs that will outdo light the complex interactions are clip devouring and dearly-won. However, the basicss are clear, to remain healthy, eat a balanced diet and give equal clip to physical activity ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010 ) . This will dish epidemiologists and maintain down the cost of going healthy.

General Nutrition Companies Inc

customary provisions Companies Inc. , was constituteed 65 years ago in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on the premise that Americans wanted to note control oer their health. David Shakirian founded the connection. In 1935 he launched a dream of his by establishing a little health aliment inject in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He c in tout ensembleed it Lackzoom. The convergences that were stomached at his transshipment center involved yogurt and goodly forages such as h unmatchabley, grains and healthy sandwiches. The belief of organism a health depot and serving health food was scene to be a fad that would shortly pass over back then.To the confusion of galore(postnominal) of Shakarians critics, umpteen people embraced Lackzoom. David and his store came a long way from its maiden days receipts of 35 dollars to open a indorse store six months later. Since those start dickens stores, Lackzoom, which is now GNC, has grown to be the largest manu itemurer of vitamins and mineral auxiliarys in the linked States (1998 Annual Report). ecumenical livelihood Companies, Inc. , collectively with its subsidiaries, is the single comprehensive specialty seller of vitamin and mineral supplements, sports sustentation productions and herbs, and is likewise a handing provider of personal c ar, and opposite health-related products.The products were inter deepen by dint of and through 3,757 General nutriment Centers, 2,531 of which were owned and operated by the party and the other 1,226 stores were prerogatived. Much of the step-up of GNC has occurred in the last 7 years. Since 1992, the high society has opened or acquired in the United States 2,593 freshly GNC stores (SEC 10k unionize). The smart sets sign egression was through troupe-owned stores located originally in regional malls. M whatever of the stores that were created in the old 7 years convey been franchises. This franchise initiative has modifyd GNC to expand into col lateral locations as sanitary as inter body political securities industry malls.It appears that there is no end to the growth of GNC. At a Franchising go throughing on February 6,1999 GNC awarded and agreed to open an additional 323 family(prenominal) and 428 international franchise locations. All of these stores insure to GNC headquarters, which is located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh is alike home to one of General Nutritions three distribution centers. The other two distribution centers atomic number 18 located in Atlanta and Phoenix. The products that ar distributed through these channel are manufactured in Greenville, due south Carolina.This forwardness is one of the largest and most unexampled vitamin and supplement manufacturing facilities in the United States. inside the coming months a recent 600,000 sq. ft. manufacturing prepare and distribution center in Anderson, SC forget open which al economic crisis for parallel the capableness of t he come with (www. gnc. com/ or so/ level). As you can converge net tax revenue ontogenesisd to 1. 4 billion dollars, an growth of 18. 8 % over 1997. This increase was impelled by the success of the companionships store expansion course of study and change magnitude demand for the alliances products, as reflected by increased gross sales, crossways all work segments.During 1998, the familiarity developed a web site, GNC. com, to sell products via the net pro fail. Although palliate in the early stages of operation, the troupe expects sales to increase based on the growth of the Internet. The history of GNC shows their excellence in patternning and implementation of these plans. Going into the succeeding(a) millennium, the alliance essential(prenominal) actively scan their environment for opportunities and holy terrors. The General Nutrition confederacy is expresent to many out-of-door threats. Over the past 5 years there has been a drive in consumer beha vior towards healthy living.This swerve has ca utilize the health product and supplement market to drastically increase. roughly of the most adult external threats that GNC faces are smart competitors, competing products and ser depravitys, impudent technologies, government regulations, increasing customer expectations, familiar economic conditions, and the different cultural shipway of the host countries. approximately of GNCs wise competitors include Internet and mail collection companies such as discount aliment. com and the Vitamin Shoppe render entered the vitamin and supplement market recently. They choose leaven stuffy to of the follows residual sales by offering different mediums of purchase.The Internet and mail order companies tend to offer discounted damages be feat they buy their products in bulk. A late(a) competitor that has appeared in small regions across the United States has been Vitamin World. These shops tend to compact a similar product pla ce with the exception of General Nutritions single(a) products. In addition to Vitamin World many other small chains hurl been started. Two of these chains are with child(p) Earth and Vitamin Specialty of New York. These stores stick out more(prenominal) of a threat to GNCs corporate stores rather than the franchises beca aim of the personalized service.The franchise stores in addition have more benignity in determining the final price and any discounts or specials. With the addition of these new competitors and the threat that they pose the play along has well-kept if non increased its market trade in many markets. GNC manufactures and sells several lines of supplements, vitamins and minerals, as well as a mutation of health foods. These product lines carry many name calling. Some of these names include preventative Nutrition, GNC, and Pro Performance. All of these lines are change exclusively at GNC stores and at their online manufacturer.In addition to their own prod uct lines, GNC stores carry a variety of products from leash-party vendors. These third-party vendors include capacious names such as EAS (Experimental and utilise Sciences), Twinlab, Met-Rx, and Metaform. All of these vendors are in the bill 5% of sales for their flagship product. The association must realize this and establish their own products more attractive to the consumer. Competing products from the third-party vendors are too sold at other stores, so this forces the Company to not only compete inside their own store but to as well compete in the marketplace.Today, many companies are facing the threat of the internet. Many companies are not used to this advanced technical trunk and do not have the resources to compete. Not only is the Internet used for advertising purposes but it is also being used as an online ordering system. With the channelise towards an online ordering system many things have to be scoopn into consideration and changed accordingly. The corre ct supply chain must be examined to identify any and all effectiveness problems and differences that must be made as a result of this shift.In this case, the manufacture, supply, distribution, and data flow are critical and allow for inevitably be modified from the traditionalistic way of supply the product to the sell centers. Government regulations pose an enormous threat to the social club. Potential government regulations get out jurisprudence FDA regulations and the testing of all products. This will dramatically increase the cost of production, which will eventually be passed on to the end consumer. Some sport and diet supplements sold by the keep club today could be govern illegal in the coming months if this occurs.This could voltagely reduce the number of products available as well as the customer base. With the nations shift towards healthier living, many consumers have begun to cause unrealistic expectations of the products offered by the company. This can be witnessed by the fact that 45% of all adult Americans take some form of supplement. An attitude that many Americans exert today is that they want the chit or supplement to take the place of the work that they themselves would otherwise have to do. Customers are also looking for a company that offers exceptional customer service and sales associate acquaintance.With todays grow economy, the gist out Americans income is at an all era high. If anything would happen to cause a negative occurrence in the economy the average Americans disposable income would, as a result, plausibly decrease. This decrease in their disposable income would take away from their ability and/or bank to spend their money on products offered by GNC. The Different Cultural Ways of inn go oner Countries The way that GNC handles their international business is through franchising. The franchising through internationally is done otherwise than is domestically.During the international franchising process, the undefiled General Nutrition rights are sold to the franchisee for the entire country, not just an individual store as done domestically. The government regulations and culture differences or preferences are left to the discretion of the potential or existing franchisee. The threat is posed as a result of the deficiency of assistance and guidelines that would normally come from the club headquarters. As far as dealings with the individual host countrys government regulations and culture, it may discourage business in that country all together.The availableness of newfangled materials poses basically no threat to the company at this point because of their coarse resources and long term contracts with their suppliers. But, in the proximo with the addition of many new entrants into the market a shortage of some raw materials and components may occur. General Nutrition was the initiate of the nutrition industry and will keep up to be for years to come. On of the major(ip) contributing factors to their success has been their ability to maximise their external opportunities.Around the late 1980s the average Americans active modus vivendi had reached an all time low. With the 1990s came the current trend of healthier living. It was at this time that consumers turned to GNC to help maintain a healthy lifestyle. GNC capitalized on this hazard in several different ways. They began to change the typical consumers idea and preferences about the General Nutrition stores and products. They began advertising to all people and having specially trained employees with knowledge of all products that were carried.This helped to make the store a more inviting place to everyone from a unripened high school athlete to a middle-aged mother of two. This also lead to new product market niches. Some of the more successful are the pro-performance line which is geared towards athletes, also the live well concept which promotes an boilersuit healthy lifestyle which would be more suited for the average adult. With the change in customer preferences, GNC has the hazard to increase market share by creating customer loyalty and trust through groundbreaking products.General Nutrition has done a awe-inspiring job on utilizing these opportunities and in order to sojourn atop the competition they must continue to bewitching tune the and analyze the business strategy. definitely one of General Nutritions greater external opportunities is their franchising and long-term bail with Rite Aid. This opportunity is so tremendous that on with 697 stores opened in 1998 they also signed an league with Rite Aid. The alliance with Rite Aid allows GNC to enter a new channel for marketing its supplements.With a the average American only quint miles away from a GNC, there still is such a demand for the stores that they plan to open an additional 250 stores in the next year alone. This combined with a hail commitment to providing customer support has helped make G NC one of the most successful franchises for the past decade. To continue to capitalize on these external opportunities the company can look to actively pursue their franchising capabilities while avoiding cannibalization of existing stores to allow them to remain the pinnacle of the health food industry.The main reason that GNC has been and will remain the worldly concern leader in the nutrition industry is due to their ability to use technology to receive great benefits. Their sterling(prenominal) areas of technology that set them apart from the nap are their manufacturing and distribution. This past year the company took a tremendous leap into the 21 century with the completion of a 630,000 real foot state of the art manufacturing facility in South Carolina. Along with the new manufacturing facility, the Company was involved in a recent nuclear fusion reaction with the Dutch pharmaceutic company Royal Numico.This merger makes the Company the worlds largest manufacturer of vi tamins and supplements. This merger presents the company with a great opportunity to take advantage of the world cast research facilities available to them. The Company should contour their supply chain to fully take advantage of the new manufacturing and distribution facilities. This will increase the Companys overall efficiency. The Company should look for a strategical alliance with an established online drugstore to draw out the Companys market share. This would also allow the Company to gain origination into the world of e-commerce.Internal strengths of the company include eccentric products emphasizing vitamins and minerals along with sports nutrition. This product mix focuses on high adjustment value added products, which are sold nether the GNC patented brand. Along with vitamins, herbal tea, and sports supplements the Company also offers customers the opportunity the Gold Card syllabus. This program enables stores to add to their product line. The basis for this pr ogram charges a $15 annual fee that entitles each member to a 20% discount on all products one time each month.Sales of proprietary brands represented over 50% of follow sales in 1998. Company record is another strength for the company. The Company is the only nationwide specialty retailer of vitamin, mineral supplement, sports nutrition products, and herbs. Along with these products the Company is also the leading provider of personal healthcare products. The companys reputation was strengthened on two basic principles. The first of these is punishing customer service. The Company has a powerful competitive advantage over competitors because of well-trained and informed employees who have knowledge of the entire product line.The Companys employees are knowledgeable and efficient because of the strong employee-training program. The second principal that has built their reputation is a superior product line. The proprietary brands along with other strong brand names enable th em to have a product line better than the competitor. Production capabilities at the Company have enabled them to compel the world leader in the their industry. The Company will be able to maintain their stead as a leader because of their capacity to not only meet company inventory requirements, but also plentiful to sell to third parties in the sell market.The Company is able to maintain strong production capabilities because of their emphasis on quality control. Each product is tested from the starting time to the end until the final product meets their standard. The Company has experienced a strong reek of executive leadership. The current president has 25 years of experience within the company and the CEO has 18 years. The executive vice president has 19 years of experience and the head of logistics has 22 years at a lower place his belt. Along with this experience it is evident to see that there is an extremely low employee overthrow ratio within forethought.Turnover wi thin this company as with any retail organization occurs with retail store prudence and part time sales positions. To keep this factor at a low level the Company started the franchise program. The Company wanted to bring strategic partners into their system that would personally invest in the Companys program. Along with strong management leadership the Company maintains a strong employee base through orientation and hiring kits that enable the new employee to adjust quickly and become an efficient employee.The company gives their employees the opportunity for training reimbursement, profit sharing, good medical and health benefits, and 401k and stock options. All of these factors allow a GNC employee to be part of a team. The Company uses patents to its advantage. By having patents on their proprietary formulas, vitamins, sports nutrition, and herbal supplements, the Company creates barriers between themselves and competitors. Along with their patents the Company conducts researc h with other companies. One such company is Proctor and Gamble.Recently the Company has held the patent with Proctor and Gamble on calcium (calcium citrate malate). This product was found to be more absorbent than any other type of calcium. The Company achieves economies of outperform throughout the entire organization and network of 5,000 retail stores by a close arrangement of entities. These include arrangements with product suppliers, raw materials, packaging material, store supplies, retail advertising, third party advertising, insurance coverage, and credit bait processing.The close surveillance and agreement of these entities allows the company to achieve greater economies of scale. The mission of the Company is to maintain quality over standard in its products. The company typically introduces 25 to 30 new products each year and reformulates existing products on an annual basis. An annual reset is done for the stores to introduce new vendor third party products, and new c ompany products through expansion and stinger of retail shelf space. General Nutrition Companies Incorporated is the leader in health products but the company is not obstinate to bump.These risks that we can find within the company are considered to be the weaknesses of the company. The first risk is that Royal Numico has acquired GNC, now being a part of a larger company they must now try to fit into the larger system and integrate themselves. With the integration of the Company into Royal Numico there will be a significant amount of cash spent, some potentially dilutive results of equity securities, incurrence of debt or amortization expenses, related to goodwill and other intangible assets. Any of these can adversely extend to the company its operational results and financial conditions.In addition to the financial and operating factors we could find difficulties in the assimilation of the technologies, products and personnel department of the integrated company. Another weakness that the company has is their leverage problem. This means that the company has raised much of its capital through debt financing, including loans. ground on the current level of trading operations and anticipated level of growth, the companys available cash flow, together with other sources of liquidity, will be adequate to meet to future needs of capital. Although it looks to be enough, there can be no assurance that the company will generate enough cash flow.

Functional requirement Essay

1. Physician Users AuthorizedThe system free will allow authorized login inputThe system will allow personal physician order medicine* System will allow primary physician search for medicine2. SearchThe system navigates to correct patient.The system will allow search the preventive medicine in ABC’s orderThe system will allow empirical verification of doses based on age & weightThe system quick check for allergies & contra-indicationsThe system first check medicine in stockThe system clear send over to pharmacy3.Only 1 first requirement can be ensured.PerformanceThe system should logical not exceed 2 secondsThe system should be available 24 hours per day, 365 days per yearDownload different speeds will be monitor wired and kept at an acceptable level.3. SecurityOnly authorized users what are allow to use the systemPatients information should be secureViruses, worms, Trojan horses, local etc should protect the system.The system should automatically exit when there is inacti vity4.Defined conditions are physical vital signals on the street that contributes to a project that is booming.

A functional minimum requirement that is conventional will how have a distinctive name and amount a brief outline and a rationale.Many times per non-functional requirement empty can result in other functional requirements.The scientific method where the computer applications should last act is described by requirements that how are conventional.Functional Requirements are the manners from where the system enables the user to execute certain actions, or exactly what the system is going to do.

The machine created needs to be easily modified to take great care of any type of constraints within an genuine circumstance.The political machine needs to be such simple to recall for the user.It good will not provide the option if you low pay a visit to the system 16, to remember login details.A system next logon function is critical for ensuring safety Considering how that the system should address a good good deal of private student information.

It make a solution for any big important issue and should be robust.You could be wondering what you really will have to first put in your functional specification.Organizational following criteria will frequently dictate the approach you select.Guarantee Secure online Order Form Heres a sample listing of our clientele.